. 2018 Dec 14;7(4):110. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics7040110

Table 4.

Gram-negative species with antibiotic resistance after various types of low level exposure (<MIC value) to triclosan (TRI).

Species	Strain(s)	MIC Increase (TRI)	Antibiotic(s)	Pre-Value	Post-Value	Category	Reference
Actinomyces naeslundii	Strain WVU627	4.9-fold	Metronidazole Tetracycline	125 ¹ 5.2 ¹	125 ¹ 7.8 ¹	- -	[50]
Enterobacter spp.	5 biocide-sensitive strains from organic foods	2-fold–15-fold	Ampicillin Cefotaxime Ceftazidime Sulfamethoxazol	- - - -	64 (2) ¹ 128 (1) ¹ 64 (2) ¹ 1024 (2) ¹	R R R R	[51]
Escherichia coli	ATCC 8729	391-fold	Metronidazole Tetracycline	250 ¹ 15.6 ¹	125 ¹ 10.4 ¹	- -	[50]
Escherichia coli	NCTC 12900 strain O157	16-fold (P1)8192-fold (P2)	Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Amoxicillin Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin Clindamycin Colistin sulfate Erythromycin Fusidic acid Gentamicin Imipenem Rifampicin Tetracycline Trimethoprim Vancomycin	11 ² 13 ² 13 ² 14 ² 0 ² 9 ² 7 ² 0 ² 12 ² 15 ² 5 ² 17 ² 13 ² 0 ²	0 ² 0 ² 5 ² 14 ² 0 ² 10 ² 0 ² 0 ² 12 ² 11 ² 5 ² 14 ² 0 ² 0 ²	R R R n. a. n. a. n. a. R n. a. n. a. R n. a. R R n. a.	[10]
Escherichia coli	ATCC 27325	4096-fold	Amoxicillin Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin Clindamycin Colistin sulfate Fusidic acid Gentamicin Rifampicin Tetracycline Trimethoprim Vancomycin	8 ¹ 8 ¹ 16 ¹ 4 ¹ >256 ¹ 16 ¹ >256 ¹ 8 ¹ 256 ¹ 32 ¹ 32 ¹ >256 ¹	8 ¹ 8 ¹ 256 ¹ 4 ¹ >256 ¹ 16 ¹ >256 ¹ 8 ¹ 256 ¹ 32 ¹ 32 ¹ >256 ¹	n. a. n. a. R n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.	[52]
Escherichia coli	Strain O55:H7	2048-fold	Amoxicillin Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin Clindamycin Colistin sulfate Fusidic acid Gentamicin Rifampicin Tetracycline Trimethoprim Vancomycin	8 ¹ 16 ¹ 16 ¹ 2 ¹ >256 ¹ 16 ¹ >256 ¹ 8 ¹ >256 ¹ 32 ¹ 32 ¹ 0 ¹	8 ¹ 8 ¹ 8 ¹ 2 ¹ >256 ¹ 16 ¹ >256 ¹ 16 ¹ >256 ¹ 32 ¹ 256 ¹ 0 ¹	n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. R n. a.	[52]
Escherichia coli	NCTC 12900	8192-fold	Amoxicillin Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin Clindamycin Colistin sulfate Fusidic acid Gentamicin Rifampicin Tetracycline Trimethoprim Vancomycin	32 ¹ 4 ¹ 32 ¹ 2 ¹ >256 ¹ 8 ¹ >256 ¹ 16 ¹ >256 ¹ 32 ¹ 64 ¹ 0 ¹	>256 ¹ 256 ¹ 256 ¹ 2 ¹ >256 ¹ 16 ¹ >256 ¹ 16 ¹ >256 ¹ >256 ¹ >256 ¹ 0 ¹	R R R n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. R R n. a.	[52]
Fusobacterium nucleatum	ATCC 10953	None	Metronidazole Tetracycline	250 ¹ 3.9 ¹	500 ¹ 2.9 ¹	- -	[50]
Neisseria subflava	Strain A1078	None	Metronidazole Tetracycline	62.5 ¹ 3.9 ¹	52.1 ¹ 6.8 ¹	- -	[50]
Pantoea agglomerans	Biocide-sensitive strain from organic foods	150-fold	Ampicillin Ceftazidime Sulfamethoxazol	- - -	64 ¹ 64 ¹ 1024 ¹	R R R	[51]
Pantoea ananatis	2 biocide-sensitive strains from organic foods	5-fold– 200-fold	Sulfamethoxazol Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol Ampicillin Cefotaxime	- - - -	1024 (2) ¹ 8/152 (2) ¹ 32 (1) ¹ 64 (1) ¹	R R R R	[51]
Pantoea spp.	2 biocide-sensitive strains from organic foods	2-fold–3-fold	Sulfamethoxazol Ceftazidime Cefotaxime	- - -	1024 (1) ¹ 64 (1) ¹ 128 (1) ¹	R R R	[51]
Porphyromonas gingivalis	Strain W50	None	Metronidazole Tetracycline	31.3 ¹ 3.0 ¹	62.5 ¹ 1.0 ¹	- -	[50]
Prevotella nigrescens	Strain T588	2-fold	Metronidazole Tetracycline	62.5 ¹ 1.0 ¹	62.5 ¹ 1.0 ¹	- -	[50]
Salmonella spp.	3 biocide-sensitive strains from organic foods	2-fold– 200-fold	Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol Cefotaxime Nalidixic acid Ampicillin Sulfamethoxazol Imipenem	- - - - - -	8/152 (2) ¹ 64/128 (2) ¹ 64 (2) ¹ 64 (1) ¹ 1024 (1) ¹ 32 (1) ¹	R R R R R R	[51]
Salmonella spp.	6 strains with higher MICs to biocidal products	500-fold– 10.000-fold (3)	Piperacillin Ceftiofur Amikacin Gentamicin Kanamycin Chloramphenicol Cefoxitin Nalidixic acid Sulfisoxazole	<4 ³ 2 ³ 4 ³ <1 ³ <8 ³ 4 ³ 16 ³ 8 ³ 32 ³	16 ³ >8 ³ 16 ³ 4 ³ 32 ³ 16 ³ 32 ³ 32 ³ >256 ³	I R I I I I R R I	[16]
Veillonella dispar	ATCC 17745	None	Metronidazole Tetracycline	78.1 ¹ 31.3 ¹	31.3 ¹ 27.4 ¹	- -	[50]

¹ microdilution method (mg/L); ² disc diffusion test (mm); ³ NARMS plates (mg/L); “-” = no information; R = resistant; I = intermediate susceptible; S = susceptible; n. a. = not applicable; () = number of strains, isolates or experiments; (P1) = passage 1; (P2) = passage 2.