Table 5.

Gram-negative species with antibiotic tolerance or resistance after low level exposure (< MIC value) to didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC).

Species	Strain(s)	Type of DDAC Exposure	Antibiotic(s)	Reference
Escherichia coli	54 strains from pig faeces or pork meat	7 d at various concentrations.	32 strains became multiresistant, most of them with a new resistance 1 to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin	[59]
Salmonella enterica	54 strains from pig faeces or pork meat	7 d at various concentrations	7 strains acquired a new resistance 1, mainly to chloramphenicol (3 strains)	[59]

¹ microdilution method (mg/L).