Figure 1.

Propranolol alters tumor cell metabolism. Mitochondrial (A) and glycolytic stress test (B) results of MLM3 cells treated with propranolol (40 μM) showing propranolol-mediated changes in basal mitochondrial respiration (C), basal glycolysis (D), maximum glycolytic rate (E), and glycolytic reserve (F). Data are represented as % control basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) (average of first three measurements) or extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) (average of three measurements immediately following glucose injection). Each data point represents mean +/− SEM of n = 9 (mitochondrial stress test) or 5 (glycolytic stress test) independent biological replicates; p-values reflect t-test results (* p ≤ 0.03; # p ≤ 0.008).