Table 2.
Main characteristics of clinical studies investigating calcium bioavailability from mineral water and the effects of this ion on mineral and bone metabolism.
| Scientific Article | Year of Publication | Number of Recruited Subjects | Aim of the Study | Endpoint |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Halpern et al. [24] | 1991 | 15 adult lactose-intolerant men | Bioavailability of calcium: calcium-rich water vs. milk | Tracer technique with calcium isotope |
| Heaney and Dowell [23] | 1994 | 18 healthy women | Bioavailability of calcium: calcium-rich water vs. milk | Tracer technique with calcium isotope |
| Couzy et al. [25] | 1995 | 9 healthy young adult women | Bioavailability of calcium: calcium- and sulphate-rich water vs. milk | Tracer technique with calcium isotope |
| Van Dokkum et al. [26] | 1996 | 12 healthy young adult women | Bioavailability of calcium: calcium-rich water vs. dairy products | Tracer technique with calcium isotope |
| Cepollaro et al. [37] | 1996 | 45 early postmenopausal women | Effects of calcium from calcium-rich water on densitometric parameters | Distal radius DXA |
| Wynckel et al. [27] | 1997 | 12 students (8 males and 4 females) | Intestinal absorption of calcium from mineral waters with different calcium content | Tracer technique with calcium isotope |
| Costi et al. [38] | 1999 | 255 pre- and post-menopausal women | Effects of calcium from calcium-rich water on densitometric parameters | Lumbar DXA |
| Aptel et al. [39] | 1999 | Data collection of 4434 women over 75 years from EPIDOS trial | Effects of calcium from drinking water on densitometric parameters | Femoral DXA |
| Guillemant et al. [40] | 2000 | 12 healthy young male students | Acute effects (within 4 h) of calcium from calcium-rich water on biochemical parameters of bone metabolism | PTH, serum and urinary CTX |
| Bacciottini et al. [22] | 2004 | 9 adult men + 9 pre-menopausal women + 9 post-menopausal women | Bioavailability of calcium: calcium-rich water vs. milk | Tracer technique with calcium isotope |
| Brandolini et al. [29] | 2005 | 37 healthy young women | Bioavailability of calcium: calcium- and sulphate-rich water vs. milk | Urinary calcium |
| Meunier et al. [35] | 2005 | 152 postmenopausal women with low dietary calcium intake | Effects of calcium from calcium-rich water on biochemical parameters of bone metabolism during a 6-month study period | PTH and biochemical markers of bone remodeling |
| Wynn et al. [36] | 2009 | 30 healthy premenopausal women with sufficient dietary calcium intake | Effects of calcium-rich water on biochemical parameters of bone metabolism during a 4-week study period: calcium-rich alkaline water vs. calcium-rich acid water | PTH and serum CTX |
| Greupner et al. [28] | 2017 | 21 healthy men and women | Bioavailability of calcium: 3 calcium-rich waters with different mineral content vs. milk vs. a calcium supplement | Serum and urinary calcium |
Definition of abbreviations: DXA = dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; PTH = parathyroid hormone; CTX = type 1 collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide.