Lateral flow immunoassay limit of detection experiments. (a), F-50-6B12, (b), S-50-5H9: LFIAs showing the LOD determination of hazelnut protein extract spiked in PBS in the range of 100 ppm to 0.1 ppm with the last LFIA being a blank (0 ppm). In all LFIAs, the upper line is the control line and the lower line the test line. The visual LOD is indicated by the eye icon and the detection limit using a smartphone camera is indicated by the smartphone icon. (c), F-50-6B12, (d), S-50-5H9: LFIAs showing matrix LOD of hazelnut protein extract spiked in blank cookie extract (1:100 in running buffer) in the range of 100 ppm to 1 ppm (with the last strip representing a blank 0 ppm). The visual LOD is indicated by the eye icon and the detection limit using a smartphone camera is indicated by the smartphone icon.