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. 2018 Dec 1;6(4):71. doi: 10.3390/toxics6040071

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The effects of oral exposures to normal saline (NS), dichlorvos (DDVP) or/and chlorpyrifos (CPF) on: (A) fear learning (transfer latency) in the elevated plus maze paradigm; and (B,C) anxiety-related behavious (freezing period and time in center squares) in the open field test paradigm. Double asterisks (**) indicate a significant (p ≤0.05) increase (A,B) or decrease (C) when compared with NS, other groups, and/or CPF rats only, while a single asterisk (*) indicates significant (p ≤0.05) increase when compared with NS (A,B). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a post hoc Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test.