Table 1.
Participant characteristics in different blood pressure groups.
| Characteristic | All Subjects | Male | Female | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of subjects | 633 | 299 | 334 | |
| Age | 61.0 (11.5) | 60.8 (11.1) | 61.2 (11.8) | 0.733 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never or Ex-smoker | 503 (79) | 196 (66) | 307 (92) | |
| Current | 130 (21) | 103 (34) | 27 (8) | |
| Drinking habit, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| yes | 268 (42) | 206 (79) | 62 (20) | |
| no | 365 (58) | 93 (31) | 268 (80) | |
| Exercise habit, n (%) | 0.526 | |||
| yes | 345 (55) | 159 (53) | 186 (57) | |
| no | 288 (45) | 140 (47) | 148 (43) | |
| Height (cm) | 160 (9.65) | 168 (6.92) | 154 (6.74) | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 59.9 (11.8) | 67.3 (10.4) | 53.2 (8.39) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.8 (9.26) | 85.8 (8.70) | 81.9 (9.37) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 (3.24) | 23.9 (2.98) | 22.5 (3.32) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 139 (20.4) | 143 (20.3) | 135 (19.6) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.7 (11.8) | 83.5 (12.0) | 78.3 (11.0) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (NSGP) (%) | 5.82 (0.605) | 5.81 (0.549) | 5.83 (0.383) | 0.686 |
| Energy and Nutrients | ||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1863 (616) | 2088 (630) | 1611 (529) | <0.001 |
| Nutrients (g/1000 kcal) | ||||
| Protein | 38.1 (8.18) | 14.4 (3.13) | 38.3 (7.58) | 0.637 |
| Carbohydrate | 134.1 (21.1) | 134 (22.2) | 134 (19.6) | <0.001 |
| Sodium | 2.45 (0.540) | 2.40 (0.515) | 2.49 (0.559) | 0.036 |
| Potassium | 1.39 (0.430) | 1.22 (0.349) | 1.55 (0.467) | <0.001 |
| Calcium | 0.294 (0.113) | 0.258 (0.103) | 0.326 (0.112) | <0.001 |
| Total dietary fiber | 6.54 (2.19) | 5.65 (1.75) | 7.33 (2.25) | <0.001 |
| SFA | 7.27 (2.17) | 6.48 (1.97) | 7.97 (2.11) | <0.001 |
| MUFA | 9.76 (2.65) | 8.95 (2.60) | 10.5 (2.49) | <0.001 |
| PUFA | 6.82 (1.74) | 6.33 (1.69) | 7.26 (1.69) | <0.001 |
| n-3 fatty acid | 1.48 (0.503) | 1.40 (0.474) | 1.57 (0.516) | <0.001 |
| n-6 fatty acid | 5.30 (1.41) | 4.91 (1.36) | 5.67 (1.35) | <0.001 |
| LA | 5.15 (1.38) | 4.76 (1.33) | 5.50 (1.33) | <0.001 |
| GLA (mg/1000 kcal) | 4.09 (2.68) | 3.82 (2.44) | 4.32 (2.87) | 0.019 |
| EA (mg/1000 kcal) | 24.6 (8.54) | 23.1 (8.33) | 25.9 (8.52) | <0.001 |
| DGLA (mg/1000 kcal) | 16.0 (5.10) | 14.8 (4.98) | 17.0 (4.98) | <0.001 |
| AA (mg/1000 kcal) | 92.7 (30.7) | 87.9 (31.6) | 100 (29.4) | <0.001 |
| DPA (mg/1000 kcal) | 5.25 (3.26) | 5.07 (3.09) | 5.42 (3.40) | 0.175 |
Continuous variables are presented as means (SD). For continuous variables, we used Student’s t-tests to examine gender differences; for categorical variables, we used a chi-squared test to examine gender differences. Hypertensive subjects were defined as participants with a greater SBP than 140 mmHg, a DBP than 90 mmHg, or the use of antihypertensive medication. Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SFA, Saturated fatty acid; MUFA, Monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acid; LA, linoleic acid; GLA. Gamma-linolenic acid; EA, eicosadienoic acid; DGLA, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid; AA, arachidonic acid; and DPA, docosapentaenoic acid.