Table 2.
Participant characteristics in different blood pressure groups.
| Characteristic | Hypertension | Normal BP | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of subjects | 350 | 283 | |
| Men, n (%) | 196 (56) | 103 (36) | <0.001 |
| Age | 64.5 (10.7) | 56.7 (11.0) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.311 | ||
| Never or Ex-smoker | 273 (78) | 230 (81) | |
| Current | 77 (22) | 53 (19) | |
| Drinking habit, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| yes | 178 (51) | 90 (32) | |
| no | 172 (49) | 193 (68) | |
| Exercise habit, n (%) | 0.496 | ||
| yes | 195 (56) | 150 (53) | |
| no | 155 (44) | 133 (47) | |
| Height (cm) | 160 (9.79) | 160 (9.48) | 0.233 |
| Weight (kg) | 61.4 (11.5) | 58.0 (11.9) | 0.419 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.5 (9.02) | 81.6 (9.13) | 0.755 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 (3.17) | 22.4 (3.18) | 0.755 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 151 (18.3) | 124 (9.10) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 85.7 (12.2) | 74.5 (7.44) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (NSGP) (%) | 5.85 (0.593) | 5.78 (0.617) | 0.134 |
| Energy and Nutrients | |||
| Energy (kcal) | 1895 (625) | 1822 (604) | 0.142 |
| Nutrients (g/1000 kcal) | |||
| Protein | 38.0 (8.64) | 38.3 (7.58) | 0.637 |
| Carbohydrate | 134 (22.2) | 134 (19.6) | 0.933 |
| Sodium | 2.49 (0.540) | 2.39 (0.536) | 0.024 |
| Potassium | 1.39 (0.454) | 1.39 (0.400) | 0.934 |
| Calcium | 0.294 (0.114) | 0.294 (0.111) | 0.955 |
| Total dietary fiber | 6.59 (2.29) | 6.48 (2.07) | 0.528 |
| SFA | 6.87 (2.06) | 7.76 (2.21) | <0.001 |
| MUFA | 9.33 (2.69) | 10.3 (2.51) | <0.001 |
| PUFA | 6.62 (1.76) | 7.06 (1.69) | 0.002 |
| n-3 fatty acid | 1.48 (0.504) | 1.49 (0.503) | 0.728 |
| n-6 fatty acid | 5.12 (1.43) | 5.54 (1.34) | <0.001 |
| LA | 4.96 (1.40) | 5.38 (1.32) | <0.001 |
| GLA (mg/1000 kcal) | 3.94 (2.41) | 4.26 (2.98) | 0.151 |
| EA (mg/1000 kcal) | 23.7 (8.60) | 25.6 (8.36) | 0.005 |
| DGLA (mg/1000 kcal) | 15.4 (5.22) | 16.6 (4.88) | 0.003 |
| AA (mg/1000 kcal) | 90.4 (31.8) | 95.5 (29.1) | 0.037 |
| DPA (mg/1000 kcal) | 5.35 (3.20) | 5.14 (3.34) | 0.437 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean (SD). For continuous variables, we used Student’s t-tests; for categorical variables, we used a chi-squared test. Hypertensive subjects were defined as participants with a greater SBP than 140 mmHg, a DBP than 90 mmHg, or the use of antihypertensive medication. Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SFA, Saturated fatty acid; MUFA, Monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acid; LA, linoleic acid; GLA. Gamma-linolenic acid; EA, eicosadienoic acid; DGLA, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid; AA, arachidonic acid; and DPA, docosapentaenoic acid.