Table 4.
Participant characteristics in different blood pressure groups according to HbA1c level.
| Characteristic | HbA1c < 6.5 | p | HbA1c ≥ 6.5 | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HTN | NBP | HTN | NBP | |||
| No. of subjects | 321 | 271 | 29 | 12 | ||
| Men, n (%) | 178 (55) | 96 (35) | <0.001 | 18 (62) | 7 (58) | 0.823 |
| Age | 64.2 (10.6) | 56.5 (11.0) | <0.001 | 67.6 (11.6) | 62.2 (9.47) | 0.164 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.533 | 0.254 | ||||
| Never or Ex-smoker | 254 (79) | 220 (81) | 19 (66) | 10 (83) | ||
| Current | 67 (21) | 51 (19) | 10 (34) | 2 (17) | ||
| Drinking habit, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.558 | ||||
| yes | 163 (51) | 85 (31) | 15 (52) | 5 (42) | ||
| no | 158 (49) | 186 (69) | 14 (48) | 7 (58) | ||
| Exercise habit, n (%) | 0.261 | 0.141 | ||||
| yes | 183 (57) | 142 (52) | 17 (59) | 4 (33) | ||
| no | 138 (43) | 129 (48) | 12 (41) | 8 (67) | ||
| Height (cm) | 160 (9.76) | 160 (9.48) | 0.951 | 161 (10.3) | 162 (9.73) | 0.661 |
| Weight (kg) | 61.1 (11.2) | 57.6 (11.6) | <0.001 | 64.9 (14.0) | 65.5 (15.8) | 0.907 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.1 (8.87) | 81.4 (8.93) | <0.001 | 89.4 (9.84) | 86.4 (12.5) | 0.421 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 (3.13) | 22.3 (3.01) | <0.001 | 24.8 (3.50) | 24.8 (5.43) | 0.979 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 152 (18.5) | 124 (9.23) | <0.001 | 148 (16.1) | 124 (5.45) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 86.1 (12.2) | 74.5 (7.46) | <0.001 | 81.8 (12.0) | 74.0 (7.44) | 0.016 |
| HbA1c (NSGP) (%) | 5.73 (0.342) | 5.69 (0.299) | 0.157 | 7.19 (1.01) | 7.73 (1.80) | 0.227 |
| Energy and Nutrients | ||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1905 (632) | 1808 (590) | 0.055 | 1788 (541) | 2170 (823) | 0.159 |
| Nutrients (g/1000 kcal) | ||||||
| Protein | 37.9 (8.65) | 38.3 (7.63) | 0.578 | 39.2 (8.56) | 39.2 (6.64) | 0.992 |
| Carbohydrate | 134 (22.6) | 134 (19.6) | 0.947 | 134 (18.1) | 135 (21.7) | 0.904 |
| Sodium | 2.49 (0.545) | 2.39 (0.535) | 0.030 | 2.49 (0.496) | 2.38 (0.576) | 0.544 |
| Potassium | 1.39 (0.461) | 1.39 (0.402) | 0.852 | 1.43 (0.374) | 1.38 (0.346) | 0.733 |
| Calcium | 0.293 (0.116) | 0.294 (0.116) | 0.875 | 0.302 (0.096) | 0.290 (0.098) | 0.714 |
| Total dietary fiber | 6.57 (2.30) | 6.49 (2.08) | 0.638 | 6.74 (2.21) | 6.21 (2.00) | 0.482 |
| SFA | 6.84 (2.07) | 7.79 (2.25) | <0.001 | 7.11 (1.99) | 7.29 (0.867) | 0.695 |
| MUFA | 9.33 (2.74) | 10.3 (2.52) | <0.001 | 9.36 (2.12) | 9.30 (1.33) | 0.931 |
| PUFA | 6.62 (1.80) | 7.11 (1.68) | 0.001 | 6.70 (1.33) | 6.11 (1.51) | 0.220 |
| n-3 fatty acid | 1.47 (0.504) | 1.49 (0.506) | 0.632 | 1.57 (0.497) | 1.54 (0.439) | 0.852 |
| n-6 fatty acid | 5.12 (1.46) | 5.59 (1.33) | <0.001 | 5.11 (1.10) | 4.54 (1.22) | 0.155 |
| LA | 4.96 (1.43) | 5.42 (1.31) | <0.001 | 4.94 (1.09) | 4.37 (1.21) | 0.148 |
| GLA (mg/1000kcal) | 3.87 (2.41) | 4.21 (3.00) | 0.139 | 4.78 (2.25) | 5.50 (2.52) | 0.400 |
| EA (mg/1000kcal) | 23.6 (8.74) | 25.6 (8.43) | 0.006 | 24.7 (6.95) | 26.9 (6.90) | 0.372 |
| DGLA (mg/1000kcal) | 15.3 (5.22) | 16.6 (4.94) | 0.002 | 16.3 (5.27) | 16.6 (3.57) | 0.825 |
| AA (mg/1000kcal) | 89.9 (31.5) | 95.4 (29.3) | 0.027 | 96.6 (34.9) | 96.9 (27.5) | 0.975 |
| DPA (mg/1000kcal) | 5.30 (3.14) | 5.05 (3.33) | 0.349 | 5.87 (3.82) | 7.29 (2.82) | 0.201 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean (SD). For continuous variables, we used Student’s t-tests; for categorical variables, we used a chi-squared test. Hypertensive subjects were defined as participants with a greater SBP than 140 mmHg, a DBP than 90 mmHg, or the use of antihypertensive medication. Abbreviations: p, p value; BP, blood pressure; HTN, hypertension; NBP, normal blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SFA, Saturated fatty acid; MUFA, Monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acid; LA, linoleic acid; GLA. Gamma-linolenic acid; EA, eicosadienoic acid; DGLA, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid; AA, arachidonic acid; and DPA, docosapentaenoic acid.