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. 2018 Dec 15;10(12):1989. doi: 10.3390/nu10121989

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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IXD extract regulates aging-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) impairment in the submandibular gland. (A) Western blotting was performed to demonstrate the UPR in young and aging submandibular glands. Protein expressions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers GRP78, CHOP, XBP1, and p-JNK was determined. CBB staining was done to show the equal loading pattern as a control. (B) The protein expression of different UPR components (GRP78, ATF-4, CHOP, sXBP1, p-JNK, and JNK) was analyzed in the submandibular glands of young and aging rats treated with water or IXD extract. (C,D) Immunolocalization of GRP78 and CHOP in the submandibular glands of the indicated groups. Magnification: 400×, Scale bar: 100 µm. UPR, Unfolded protein response; CBB, Coomassie brilliant blue. Yellow arrows indicate the positive expression of GRP78 and CHOP.