Table 3.

Model fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM).

Model fit indices	Thresholds	CFA	SEM	References
CMIN/DF	<3	2.109	2.238	Byrne [110]
RMSEA	<0.08	0.061	0.064	Bentler and Bonett [111]
GFI	≥0.90	0.852	0.842	Tabachnick et al. [105]
TLI	≥0.90	0.903	0.891	Bentler and Bonett [111]
CFI	≥0.90	0.915	0.904	Bentler and Bonett [111]

Notes: Chi-square/df (CMIM/DF); root-mean-squared error of approximation (RMSEA); goodness-of-fit index (GFI); Tucker–Lewis index (TLI); comparative fit index (CFI).