Figure 5.

Label-free and novel labelling techniques [134,136,137,138]. (a) Detection process scheme for graphene quenching of afGQD fluorophores and subsequent release of Ab upon cTnI binding; (b) Fabrication scheme of a ‘label-free’ electrochemical-based biosensor; (c) Electrochemical detection technique utilising a core–shell immobilisation surface and alternative ‘label-free’ detection technique utilising MoS₂ nanosheets for cTnI measurements; (d) 6-FAM-modified aptamer dislodged from graphene oxide sheets in the presence of cTnI. (All figures have been re-printed with permission from the publisher).