Table 1.
Lifestyle habits, anthropometric characteristics, blood pressure, metabolic profile, cardio-metabolic indices, and total energy intake of participants grouped based on BMI categories.
| Parameters | Normal Weight n = 34; 24.8% |
Over Weight n = 29; 21.2% |
Grade I Obesity n = 21; 15.3% |
Grade II Obesity n = 15; 10.9% |
Grade III Obesity n = 38; 27.7% |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lifestyle Habits | ||||||
| Age (years) | 35.71 ± 8.48 | 38.14 ± 7.58 | 38.24 ± 5.89 | 35.80 ± 8.20 | 35.00 ± 6.82 | 0.292 |
| Smoking (yes) | 16, 47.1% | 19, 65.5% | 4, 19.0% | 2, 13.3% | 22, 10.5% |
χ2 = 19.21, p < 0.001 |
| Physical activity (yes) | 22, 64.7% | 11, 37.9% | 3, 14.3% | 5, 33.3% | 4, 10.5% |
χ2 = 27.85, p < 0.001 |
| Anthropometric measurement | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.01 ± 1.49 | 27.32 ± 1.43 | 32.41 ± 1.37 | 37.48 ± 1.56 | 46.99 ± 5.16 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 85.12 ± 10.13 | 94.30 ± 12.38 | 109.65 ± 8.14 | 118.81 ± 13.40 | 139.47 ± 15.15 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure | ||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 115.44 ± 8.01 | 121.21 ± 10.90 | 129.52 ± 10.83 | 131.00 ± 16.38 | 133.68 ± 11.79 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71.33 ± 6.07 | 75.68 ± 7.41 | 81.67 ± 6.77 | 86.33 ± 11.25 | 89.61 ± 9.25 | <0.001 |
| Metabolic profile | ||||||
| Circulating levels of TMAO (µM) | 3.62 ± 2.37 | 8.23 ± 0.67 | 9.03 ± 0.97 | 9.89 ± 0.85 | 11.53 ± 0.96 | <0.001 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 83.65 ± 10.25 | 93.17 ± 13.10 | 96.47 ± 12.11 | 97.73 ± 11.00 | 121.87 ± 10.91 | <0.001 |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 2.66 ± 1.23 | 7.01 ± 5.35 | 10.69 ± 5.83 | 14.85 ± 9.65 | 31.29 ± 8.87 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 146.8 ± 20.28 | 176.69 ± 29.17 | 170.76 ± 20.85 | 206.87 ± 39.57 | 221.37 ± 33.58 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57.59 ± 7.53 | 50.21 ± 8.19 | 41.95 ± 13.28 | 39.60 ± 10.60 | 37.05 ± 9.42 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 69.92 ± 23.15 | 101.43 ± 30.05 | 103.37 ± 16.67 | 134.49 ± 41.49 | 150.17 ± 38.54 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 96.71 ± 26.96 | 125.24 ± 28.30 | 155.52 ± 65.23 | 163.87 ± 33.78 | 170.74 ± 70.88 | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 23.26 ± 6.87 | 24.89 ± 9.06 | 38.14 ± 12.16 | 40.73 ± 17.87 | 41.39 ± 22.49 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 20.44 ± 5.57 | 26.58 ± 6.67 | 36.83 ± 18.25 | 39.07 ± 14.10 | 41.00 ± 20.12 | <0.001 |
| γGT (U/L) | 25.64 ± 6.62 | 26.52 ± 12.48 | 42.42 ± 19.71 | 44.47 ± 19.65 | 49.53 ± 27.20 | <0.001 |
| Cardio-metabolic indices | ||||||
| HoMA-IR | 0.55 ± 0.28 | 1.49 ± 0.96 | 2.51 ± 1.32 | 3.55 ± 2.31 | 9.52 ± 3.13 | <0.001 |
| VAI | 1.28 ± 0.54 | 2.09 ± 1.27 | 3.42 ± 2.91 | 3.55 ± 1.97 | 3.77 ± 2.18 | <0.001 |
| FLI | 19.89 ± 12.37 | 43.70 ± 21.36 | 79.39 ± 10.26 | 90.98 ± 6.97 | 98.36 ± 2.30 | <0.001 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | ||||||
| MetS (number parameter) | 0.18 ± 0.52 | 1.24 ± 1.02 | 2.33 ± 1.06 | 2.67 ± 1.40 | 3.68 ± 1.07 | <0.001 |
| MetS (presence) | 0, 0 | 4, 13.8% | 9, 42.9% | 9, 60% | 31, 81.6% |
χ2 = 61.53, p < 0.001 |
| Nutritional parameters | ||||||
| Total energy intake (kcal) | 2084.79 ± 304.05 | 2249.14 ± 433.86 | 2423.33 ± 211.27 | 2658.67 ± 244.80 | 2966.45 ± 365.69 | <0.001 |
A p-value in bold type denotes a significant difference (p < 0.05).