Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies in this systematic review
| Author, year | Mean age | Participants (M/F) | Intervention | Stimulation site | Frequency, duration and intensity | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Han, 2013 | 66.59 | 40 (14/26) | T: active rTMS C: sham rTMS |
Left/right DLPFC | 20 Hz, 80% RMT, 30 min/day, 5 days/week, 8 weeks | Global cognitive function/MoCA; Linguistic function/VFT; Executive function/WCST; Attention/TMT-A, DSST |
| Zhang, 2014 | 65.75 | 50 (25/25) | T: active rTMS C: oral Piracetam |
Bilateral frontal area | 5 Hz, 100% RMT, 800 pulses/day, 6 days/week, 16 weeks | Global cognitive function/MoCA; ERP |
| Yang, 2014 | 66.00 | 33 (15/18) | T: active rTMS C: sham rTMS |
Bilateral DLPFC | 20 Hz, 80% RMT, 30 min/day, 5 days/week, 8 weeks | Global cognitive function/MMSE; ERP |
| Rosa, 2015 | 69.05 | 20 (11/9) | T: anode tDCS + PT C: sham tDCS + PT |
Left DLPFC | 2 mA, 25 min/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks | Global cognitive function/MMSE, PD-CRS; Memory/PAL; Attention/TMT; Executive function/Semantic fluency |
| Sun, 2015 | 64.40 | 80 (43/37) | T: active rTMS + cognitive training C: cognitive training |
Left DLPFC and left PC | 15 Hz, 80%-110%RMT, 30 min/day, 6 days/week, 8 weeks | Global cognitive function/MoCA; ERP |
| Hellen, 2015 | 65.16 | 34 (12/22) | T: active rTMS C: sham rTMS |
Left DLPFC | 10 Hz, 110% RMT, 2000 pulses/session, 1 session/day, 10 days | Memory/RBMT, WMS, RAVLT, WAIS-III; Executive function/TMT-B, VFT |
| Kyongsik, 2016 | 73.94 | 16 (5/11) | T: anode tDCS C: sham tDCS |
Anodal: left DLPFC; Cathode: right DLPFC |
2 mA, 30 min/day, 3 days/week, 3 weeks | Memory/MMQ, HVLT; Visuospatial function/RCFT; Linguistic function/BNT; PET |
| Long, 2016 | 66.95 | 30 (14/16) | T: active rTMS C: sham rTMS |
Left DLPFC | 15 Hz, 90% RMT, once a day, 10 days | Global cognitive function/MoCA; Memory/CMS |
| Wu, 2017 | 67.61 | 41 (21/20) | T: active rTMS + oral paroxetine C: oral paroxetine |
Left DLPFC | 20 Hz, 80% RMT, 15 min/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks | Global cognitive function/MMSE; ERP |
| Giacomo, 2017 | 70.00 | 14 (7/7) | T: active rTMS C: sham rTMS |
PC | 20 Hz, 100% RMT, 20 min/day, 5 days/week, 6 weeks | Global cognitive function/MMSE, Memory/RAVLT; Executive functions/FAB; Attention/DSST |
| Prasad, 2018 | 65.60 | 9 (8/1) | T: active rTMS C: sham rTMS |
Left DLPFC | 10 Hz, 120% RMT, 45 min/day, 5 days/week, 8 weeks | Apathy/AES-C; Global cognitive function/MMSE; Executive functions/TMT A&B; Functional status/IADL; Impression/CGI |
BNT, Boston Naming Test; CMS, Clinical Memory Scale; CGI, Clinical Global Impression; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test; ERP, Event-related Potentials; FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery; HVLT, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MMSE, Mini-mental State Examination; MMQ, Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PAL, Paired Associated Learning; PC, Precuneus; PD-CRS, Parkinson’s Disease Cognitive Rating Scale; PET, Positron Emission Tomography; PT, Physical Therapy; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; RBMT, Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test; RCFT, Rey Complex Figure Test; RMT, Resting Motor Threshold; rTMS, repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; TMT, Trial Making Tests; tDCS, transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale