Table 2.
Feeding practices in the sample at baseline and end of the trial adjusted for site and age
| Feeding practices | Control |
Intervention |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visit 1 (n=100) | Visit 2 (n=86) | p-value¥ | Visit 1 (n=102) | Visit 2 (n=84) | p-value¥ | p-value€ | |||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
| Type of milk feeding | |||||||||||
| Breastfeeding (partial/exclusive) | 73 | 73.0 | 46 | 53.5 | 0.901 | 73 | 71.6 | 44 | 52.4 | 0.908 | 0.958 |
| Formula feeding | 27 | 27.0 | 40 | 46.5 | 29 | 28.4 | 40 | 47.6 | |||
| Introduction of beverages and foods | |||||||||||
| Water | 15 | 15.5 | 29 | 34.1 | 0.480 | 18 | 18.0 | 38 | 44.7 | 0.092 | 0.216 |
| Juice | 0 | 0 | 13 | 15.1 | 1.000 | 1 | 1.0 | 10 | 11.8 | 0.704 | 0.291 |
| Formula | 61 | 62.2 | 52 | 60.5 | 0.441 | 65 | 64.4 | 54 | 64.3 | 0.610 | 0.815 |
| Solids | 0 | 0 | 25 | 29.1 | 1.000 | 0 | 0.0 | 35 | 41.7 | 0.093 | 0.720 |
| Cow’s milk | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| Other milks | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| Addition of foods to the bottle1 | |||||||||||
| Cereal | 0 | 0 | 8 | 9.3 | 1.000 | 2 | 2.0 | 13 | 15.3 | 0.168 | 0.888 |
| Babyfood/poi | 1 | 1.01 | 5 | 5.81 | 0.124 | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | 9.4 | 0.297 | 0.815 |
| No | 98 | 99.0 | 75 | 87.2 | 0.339 | 100 | 98.0 | 66 | 78.6 | 0.095 | 0.929 |
| Placing infant to sleep with milk bottle2 | |||||||||||
| Sometimes or frequently | 18 | 18.6 | 17 | 20.7 | 0.006 | 30 | 30.6 | 27 | 32.9 | 0.088 | 0.977 |
| Never/almost never | 79 | 81.4 | 65 | 79.3 | 68 | 69.4 | 55 | 67.1 | |||
| Caregiver’s response to feeding infant | |||||||||||
| Encourage infant to drink it all/some or more | 38 | 38.4 | 34 | 39.5 | 0.954 | 44 | 43.1 | 36 | 42.4 | 0.775 | 0.950 |
| Take the bottle and feed it later | 13 | 13.1 | 14 | 16.3 | 0.960 | 17 | 16.7 | 8 | 9.4 | 0.950 | 0.544 |
| Take the bottle and stop the feeding | 39 | 39.4 | 34 | 39.5 | 0.114 | 37 | 36.3 | 37 | 44.1 | 0.424 | 0.070 |
| Have not introduced the bottle | 4 | 4.04 | 2 | 2.33 | 0.306 | 3 | 2.9 | 2 | 2.4 | 0.110 | 0.906 |
| N/A | 5 | 5.05 | 2 | 2.33 | 0.887 | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 1.2 | 0.253 | 1.000 |
| Caregiver’s method of feeding baby3 | |||||||||||
| Mainly using a spoon | 1 | 1 | 17 | 19.77 | 0.788 | 3 | 2.9 | 28 | 34.1 | 0.057 | 0.334 |
| Mainly adding it to the bottle | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6.98 | 1.000 | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | 10.6 | 0.306 | - |
| Spoon and adding in to the bottle | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4.65 | 1.000 | 1 | 1.0 | 2 | 2.4 | 0.495 | - |
| Has not started solids | 97 | 99.0 | 59 | 68.6 | 0.788 | 98 | 96.1 | 45 | 52.9 | 0.052 | 0.980 |
| Distractions while feeding infant4 | |||||||||||
| With distractions (playing or watching screens) | 25 | 25.8 | 16 | 9.36 | 0.219 | 18 | 17.8 | 18 | 21.2 | 0.573 | 0.866 |
| While family is eating | 12 | 12.4 | 23 | 26.7 | 0.883 | 12 | 11.9 | 13 | 15.5 | 0.083 | 0.168 |
| Without distractions | 60 | 61.9 | 47 | 54.7 | 0.310 | 71 | 70.3 | 53 | 62.4 | 0.310 | 0.154 |
§
Among partial breastfeeding
¥
test for change within group
€
test for difference in change between groups
1
Missing value for 1 participant in control group visit 1
2
Missing value for 3 participants in control group visit 1, 4 participants in intervention group visit 1, 4 participants in control group visit 2, and 2 participants in intervention group visit 2
3
Missing value for 2 participants in control group visit 1
4
Missing value for 3 participants in control group visit 1, 1 participant in intervention group visit 1