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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 20.
Published in final edited form as: Nanoscale. 2018 Dec 20;11(1):219–236. doi: 10.1039/c8nr05784b

Figure 7. Saturated farnesol-loaded NPC formulation enhanced NPC localization around planktonic S. mutans cell membranes leading to improved bacterial cell death.

Figure 7.

A) Confocal microscopy results showing the saturated farnesol-loaded NPC formulation enhanced NPC localization around planktonic S. mutans cell membranes. Bacteria were labeled with SYTO 82 (pseudo-colored magenta) and the NPCs (i.e., NP13/4) were labeled with Alexa Fluor® 488 (green). B) Quantification of results from (A) showing relative fluorescence intensity per bacteria. Data shown as average and standard deviation using representative images from n=10 independent measurements. **** p ≤ 0.0001 as measured by an unpaired Student t-test with Welch’s correction. C) Representative confocal images showing enhanced NPC penetration into the cell membrane with the saturated formulation compared to the standard formulation. Top panel shows the projection images of the entire cell, and the bottom panel depicts a cross-section of the middle plane of a single bacterial cell indicating the NPCs localize intracellularly. The dotted lines are fiducial markers representing the outer membrane of the bacterial cell. D) Live-dead staining of S. mutans treated with standard and saturated farnesol-loaded NPCs (i.e., NP13/4) using SYTO 9 (green) to label viable bacteria and propidium iodide (red) to label dead cells.