TABLE 3.
Medication for ASD (n = 323) | Behavioral Treatment of ASD (n = 686) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weighted % | Adjusted PRRa | 95% CI | Weighted % | Adjusted PRRa | 95% CI | |
Overall | 27.4 | — | — | 64.2 | — | — |
Sex | ||||||
Boys | 30.1 | 1.30 | 0.89–1.89 | 63.1 | 0.96 | 0.81–1.14 |
Girls | 17.4 | 1.00 | Referent | 68.4 | 1.00 | Referent |
Race and/or ethnicity | ||||||
Hispanic | 15.5 | 0.89 | 0.60–1.31 | 67.7 | 1.19 | 0.99–1.42 |
Non-Hispanic white | 30.1 | 1.00 | Referent | 62.5 | 1.00 | Referent |
Non-Hispanic African American | 41.2 | 1.12 | 0.79–1.58 | 67.2 | 1.10 | 0.89–1.34 |
Non-Hispanic other and/or multiracial | 21.1 | 0.90 | 0.58–1.39 | 59.9 | 0.92 | 0.71–1.19 |
Highest level of education by parent in household | ||||||
Less than high school | 55.5b | 1.74c | 1.17–2.59c | 49.5b | 0.64 | 0.39–1.05 |
High school, GED, vocational | 23.4 | 0.99 | 0.67–1.47 | 75.0 | 1.10 | 0.91–1.34 |
Some college and/or technical school | 23.8 | 0.88 | 0.61–1.26 | 63.5 | 1.00 | 0.83–1.20 |
College degree or higher | 24.3 | 1.00 | Referent | 63.6 | 1.00 | Referent |
Family structure | ||||||
2 parents, married | 24.5 | 1.00 | Referent | 64.8 | 1.00 | Referent |
2 parents, unmarried | 19.9b | 0.40c | 0.19–0.82c | 71.7 | 1.13 | 0.91–1.40 |
Single mother | 37.7 | 0.88 | 0.63–1.22 | 56.1 | 0.80 | 0.63–1.02 |
Other | 26.9 | 0.76 | 0.49–1.19 | 80.1 | 1.21 | 0.98–1.49 |
Household poverty | ||||||
<100% FPL | 27.6 | 1.03 | 0.57–1.84 | 68.7 | 1.08 | 0.81–1.43 |
100%–199% FPL | 34.3 | 1.33 | 0.77–2.27 | 58.6 | 0.98 | 0.71–1.35 |
200%–399% FPL | 22.5 | 1.09 | 0.73–1.63 | 64.9 | 1.00 | 0.82–1.24 |
≥400% FPL | 26.2 | 1.00 | Referent | 63.1 | 1.00 | Referent |
Insurance statusd | ||||||
Public only | 32.4 | 1.08 | 0.73–1.60 | 67.3 | 0.98 | 0.80–1.19 |
Private only | 22.4 | 1.00 | Referent | 64.4 | 1.00 | Referent |
Other | 24.6 | 1.03 | 0.71–1.49 | 50.2 | 0.80 | 0.62–1.03 |
Region | ||||||
Northeast | 26.3 | 1.41 | 0.89–2.24 | 67.5 | 1.11 | 0.88–1.41 |
Midwest | 34.4 | 1.95c | 1.26–3.00c | 61.0 | 1.03 | 0.81–1.31 |
South | 32.4 | 1.48 | 0.99–2.23 | 66.0 | 1.11 | 0.88–1.41 |
West | 12.4 | 1.00 | Referent | 61.9 | 1.00 | Referent |
Nativity | ||||||
US born | 27.2 | 0.73 | 0.42–1.27 | 64.0 | 0.77c | 0.63–0.93c |
Foreign born | 39.4b | 1.00 | Referent | 76.1b | 1.00 | Referent |
Years since first diagnosise | ||||||
0–2 | 18.1 | 1.00 | Referent | 68.9 | 1.00 | Referent |
3–6 | 22.5 | 1.12 | 0.76–1.65 | 65.1 | 0.98 | 0.81–1.18 |
≥7 | 42.9 | 1.66c | 1.19–2.32c | 62.8 | 0.92 | 0.77–1.12 |
Type of health care provider to give diagnosis | ||||||
Primary care provider | 28.7 | 1.00 | Referent | 55.7 | 1.00 | Referent |
Specialist | 24.4 | 0.82 | 0.61–1.11 | 65.7 | 1.15 | 0.89–1.49 |
Psychologist (school and nonschool) | 23.6 | 0.70 | 0.49–1.01 | 59.7 | 1.16 | 0.90–1.51 |
Psychiatrist | 35.2 | 1.03 | 0.74–1.44 | 69.7 | 1.18 | 0.89–1.57 |
Other or don’t know | 34.0 | 0.70 | 0.45–1.10 | 75.3 | 1.42c | 1.10–1.84c |
Co-occurring conditions | ||||||
ADD and/or ADHD (ref = no ADD and/or ADHD) | 47.5 | 3.30c | 2.14–5.07c | 62.8 | 0.84c | 0.70–0.99c |
Anxiety problems (ref = no anxiety problems) | 39.9 | 1.16 | 0.89–1.51 | 68.0 | 1.05 | 0.89–1.24 |
Developmental delay (ref = no developmental delay) | 32.1 | 1.30 | 0.98–1.73 | 68.2 | 1.08 | 0.93–1.26 |
Behavioral or conduct problems (ref = no behavioral or conduct problems) | 39.2 | 1.72c | 1.26–2.33c | 72.0 | 1.39c | 1.16–1.66c |
Currently taking medication for ASD | — | — | — | 75.3 | 1.31c | 1.13–1.52c |
Received behavioral treatment of ASD | 32.0 | 1.64c | 1.18–2.28c | — | — | — |
Data source: 2016 NSCH. GED, General Educational Development; ref, referent; —, not applicable.
Adjusted for all other demographic, sociodemographic, and birth characteristics shown.
Estimates are considered unreliable and should be used with caution. Data have a relative SE >30% or unweighted denominator n < 30.
Significant value.
Other insurance includes private, public, and unspecified.
The analyses included those with missing information on age at diagnosis (n = 95).