Table 1. Maternal and offspring characteristics of the cohort by mode of delivery, N = 11,001.
| Vaginal delivery N = 10234 |
Cesarean section N = 767 |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal and offspring adiposity | |||
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/height2 | 21.8±2.9 | 22.8±3.5 | <0.0001 |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity*,% | 12.5 | 19.8 | <0.0001 |
| Offspring BMI at age 17, kg/height2 | 21.4±3.3 | 21.89±3.5 | <0.0001 |
| Offspring overweight/obesity*,% | 12.3 | 16.6 | 0.001 |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |||
| Maternal Education at birth, % | |||
| 0–9 years | 22.7 | 25.4 | 0.24 |
| 10–12 years | 40.0 | 38.7 | |
| 13+ years | 37.3 | 35.9 | |
| Socioeconomic Status at birth,% | |||
| Low | 22.2 | 24.4 | 0.03 |
| Middle | 39.3 | 41.9 | |
| High | 38.5 | 33.8 | |
| Ethnicity,% | |||
| Israel | 14.0 | 14.2 | 0.63 |
| Asia | 28.4 | 26.4 | |
| Africa | 22.6 | 24.0 | |
| Europe/America | 34.9 | 35.4 | |
| Offspring sex,% | |||
| Female | 38.4 | 38.6 | 0.92 |
| Proxies for indication for Cesarean section | |||
| Toxemia,% | 1.2 | 5.0 | <0.0001 |
| Gestational diabetes,% | 0.1 | 0.8 | <0.0001 |
| Singletons,% | 97.7 | 93.4 | <0.0001 |
| Number of previous pregnancies,% | |||
| 0 | 37.7 | 37.9 | 0.99 |
| 1 | 28.9 | 28.9 | |
| 2 | 18.5 | 18.4 | |
| ≥3 | 14.9 | 14.7 | |
| Mother’s age at delivery, years | 27.2±5.1 | 28.9±5.5 | <0.0001 |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy,% | 21.3 | 23.5 | 0.17 |
| Preterm delivery (≤37 weeks),% | 7.2 | 13.5 | <0.0001 |
| Post-term delivery (>41 weeks),% | 20.7 | 24.2 | 0.023 |
| Birth weight, kg | 3.27±0.5 | 3.18±0.62 | <0.0001 |
| High birth weight (>4000 gram),% | 5.0 | 7.3 | 0.004 |
| Low birth weight (≤2500 gram),% | 5.3 | 11.9 | <0.0001 |
| Previous cesarean section,% | 1.5 | 34.8 | <0.0001 |
*Overweight/obesity defined as BMI≥25kg/m2