a, Schematic representation of 5B8 administration after appearance of plaques and microglia activation in 5XFAD mice (800 μg i.p. every other day for 2 months starting at 3.5 months of age). b, ChAT-positive cholinergic neurons in the medial septum of non-transgenic littermate control (WT), 5XFAD mice treated with IgG2b or 5B8. Scale bars 80 μm. Quantification of ChAT+ neurons. Data are mean ± s.e.m.; n = 3 WT, n = 7 IgG2b-treated and n = 8 5B8-treated 5XFAD mice. * P = 0.0211 (WT vs IgG2b), * P = 0.0157 (IgG2b vs 5B8) by Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. c, Iba-1+ cells (green) around Methoxy-X04+ plaques (blue) in the cortex of 5XFAD mice treated with IgG2b or 5B8. Quantification of plaque-associated Iba-1+ microglia. Scale bar: 50 μm. Data are mean ± s.e.m.; n = 7 IgG2b-treated and n = 9 5B8-treated 5XFAD mice. * P = 0.0337 by two-tailed Mann-Whitney test. d, Affymetrix microarray gene expression analysis in the cortex of 5B8- or IgG2b-treated 5XFAD mice. Linear models were fitted for each gene using the Bioconductor ‘limma’ package in R. Moderated t-statistics, fold change and the associated P values were calculated for each gene (two-tailed, raw P < 0.05). Heatmap of select genes with differential expression patterns from GO terms were identified by GO-Elite analysis.