On the left, topographic map of neural activity (error minus correct) for youth with late, average, and early pubertal timing (from top to bottom, respectively). On the right, response-locked ERP waveform for correct and error trials, as well as the difference waves (error-related negativity; ΔERN) at FCz for late, average, and early pubertal timing (from top to bottom, respectively). Increases in the ΔERN are represented by values that are more negative in polarity.