Table 2.
Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes in individuals according to participant characteristics using World Health Organization (WHO) criteria18 and modified WHO classification criteria,13, 19 Namibia, 2013
| Prevalence (%) of prediabetes (95% CI) | Prevalence (%) of diabetes* (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WHO criteria | Modified WHO criteria | Unadjusted | Age adjusted | |||
| unadjusted | Age adjusted | unadjusted | Age adjusted | |||
| Overall prevalence | 6.8 (5.8–8.0) | 6.7 (5.9–7.9) | 9.2 (8.0–10.4) | 9.0 (7.8–10.3) | 5.1 (4.2–6.2) | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) |
| Individual‐level factors | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 7.2 (5.9–8.7) | 7.0 (5.6–8.4) | 9.4 (8.0–11.1) | 9.3 (7.8–10.8) | 4.9 (3.8–6.2) | 4.7 (3.5–5.9) |
| Male | 6.3 (4.9–8.1) | 6.2 (4.6–7.8) | 8.7 (7.1–10.7) | 8.7 (6.8–10.5) | 5.5 (4.1–7.2) | 5.4 (3.9–6.9) |
| BMI category | ||||||
| Underweight | 8.3 (5.5–12.5) | 8.2 (4.8–11.6) | 12.4 (9.0–16.8) | 12.3 (8.4–16.2) | 3.4 (1.8–6.3) | 3.3 (1.2–5.5) |
| Normal weight | 6.4 (4.9–8.3) | 6.3 (4.6–8.0) | 8.6 (6.9–10.6) | 8.6 (6.7–10.4) | 3.1 (2.3–4.2) | 3.1 (2.1–4.0) |
| Overweight | 4.3 (3.0–6.2) | 4.2 (2.6–5.7) | 6.1 (4.4–8.3) | 6.0 (4.1–7.9) | 6.3 (4.5–8.8) | 6.1 (4.1–8.2) |
| Obese | 9.8 (7.3–12.9) | 9.5 (6.8–12.2) | 12.0 (9.4–15.4) | 11.8 (8.9–14.7) | 10.0 (7.6–13.2) | 9.7 (7.0–12.4) |
| Education attainment | ||||||
| No education | 7.0 (5.0–9.9) | 6.4 (4.0–8.8) | 8.7 (6.4–11.9) | 8.1 (5.4–10.7) | 3.7 (2.1–6.6) | 3.1 (1.2–5.0) |
| Primary | 6.8 (5.3–8.7) | 6.4 (4.7–8.1) | 9.5 (7.8–11.5) | 9.0 (7.2–10.9) | 4.5 (3.3–6.1) | 4.0 (2.7–5.4) |
| Secondary | 5.5 (4.2–7.1) | 5.8 (4.3–7.2) | 7.9 (6.4–9.8) | 8.2 (6.5–10.0) | 5.7 (4.4–7.3) | 6.0 (4.5–7.5) |
| Higher | 12.4 (8.5–17.7) | 12.1 (7.7–16.6) | 14.2 (10.1–19.8) | 14.1 (9.4–18.8) | 6.7 (3.9–11.3) | 6.4 (2.9–9.9) |
| Wealth index of family | ||||||
| Poorest | 6.8 (4.6–10.0) | 6.6 (3.9–9.3) | 10.9 (8.2–14.3) | 10.6 (7.6–13.6) | 2.6 (1.5–4.5) | 2.4 (1.0–3.9) |
| Poorer | 7.0 (5.0–9.9) | 6.9 (4.5–9.4) | 9.1 (6.7–12.1) | 9.0 (6.3–11.7) | 2.8 (1.5–4.9) | 2.7 (1.1–4.2) |
| Middle | 5.0 (3.5–7.0) | 4.9 (3.2–6.6) | 7.8 (6.0–10.1) | 7.8 (5.7–9.8) | 4.0 (2.5–6.2) | 3.9 (2.1–5.7) |
| Richer | 5.6 (4.0–7.8) | 5.5 (3.7–7.3) | 7.2 (5.4–9.6) | 7.1 (5.1–9.2) | 7.1 (4.8–10.2) | 6.8 (4.3–9.4) |
| Richest | 9.6 (7.3–12.5) | 9.5 (7.0–12.1) | 11.0 (8.6–13.9) | 10.9 (8.3–13.5) | 8.6 (6.1–11.9) | 8.5 (5.6–11.3) |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Not working | 7.2 (5.8–8.8) | 6.8 (5.2–8.4) | 9.9 (8.4–11.7) | 9.6 (7.9–11.3) | 5.5 (4.2–7.2) | 5.1 (3.6–6.7) |
| White collar | 7.8 (5.6–10.9) | 8.0 (5.3–10.7) | 9.8 (7.4–13.0) | 10.0 (7.2–12.9) | 5.2 (3.6–7.4) | 5.3 (3.4–7.2) |
| Manual laborer | 5.6 (4.1–7.7) | 5.8 (4.0–7.6) | 7.6 (5.7–10.0) | 7.8 (5.7–10.0) | 4.0 (2.7–5.8) | 4.1 (2.5–5.7) |
| Community‐level factors | ||||||
| Poverty rate | ||||||
| Low | 6.8 (5.5–8.3) | 6.8 (5.4–8.2) | 8.5 (7.1–10.2) | 8.6 (7.0–10.1) | 6.5 (5.1–8.3) | 6.5 (4.9–8.1) |
| Middle | 6.8 (4.5–9.9) | 6.3 (3.8–8.9) | 10.2 (7.5–13.7) | 9.8 (6.8–12.7) | 5.5 (2.7–10.6) | 5.0 (1.4–8.6) |
| High | 6.9 (5.1–9.4) | 6.7 (4.5–8.8) | 9.8 (7.7–12.4) | 9.6 (7.3–11.9) | 2.9 (2.0–4.2) | 2.7 (1.6–3.8) |
| Illiteracy rate | ||||||
| Low | 6.7 (5.3–8.5) | 6.7 (5.1–8.3) | 9.1 (7.5–10.9) | 9.1 (7.4–10.8) | 6.1 (4.7–7.9) | 6.0 (4.4–7.6) |
| Middle | 6.9 (4.9–9.7) | 6.8 (4.4–9.1) | 9.4 (7.1–12.3) | 9.3 (6.7–11.9) | 3.9 (2.6–5.9) | 3.8 (2.2–5.4) |
| High | 6.9 (5.2–9.0) | 6.6 (4.7–8.4) | 9.1 (7.1–11.6) | 8.8 (6.7–11.0) | 4.6 (2.9–7.2) | 4.3 (2.3–6.3) |
| Unemployment rate | ||||||
| Low | 6.1 (4.6–8.1) | 6.3 (4.5–8.1) | 7.8 (6.2–9.9) | 8.1 (6.2–10.0) | 5.1 (3.7–7.0) | 5.3 (3.6–7.0) |
| Middle | 7.5 (5.8–9.7) | 7.3 (5.4–9.2) | 10.0 (8.1–12.4) | 9.9 (7.8–12.0) | 6.1 (4.4–8.2) | 5.8 (4.0–7.6) |
| High | 7.0 (5.2–9.2) | 6.6 (4.5–8.7) | 9.7 (7.7–12.2) | 9.4 (7.1–11.6) | 4.3 (2.7–6.5) | 3.9 (2.1–5.7) |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 6.4 (5.1–8.1) | 6.5 (5.0–8.0) | 8.3 (6.8–10.0) | 8.4 (6.8–10.0) | 6.7 (5.1–8.7) | 6.7 (4.9–8.6) |
| Rural | 7.2 (5.7–8.9) | 6.8 (5.2–8.5) | 9.9 (8.3–11.3) | 9.6 (7.8–11.4) | 3.7 (2.8–5.0) | 3.4 (2.3–4.5) |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.
*
The unadjusted and age‐adjusted prevalence estimates of diabetes are the same using either WHO or modified WHO criteria.