Table 2.
Hazard Ratios Between Back Pain and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Among 8321 Older Women in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures, Visit 2 (1988–1990) to Visit 9 (2006–2008)
| All-cause mortality | Death rate* | Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | Socio-demographic†-adjusted HR (95% CI) | Fully adjusted‡ HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No back pain | 4280 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Non-persistent back pain | 4439 | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) |
| Infrequent persistent back pain | 4487 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) |
| Frequent persistent back pain | 5887 | 1.46 (1.32, 1.61) | 1.42 (1.28, 1.57) | 1.24 (1.11, 1.39) |
| Cardiovascular mortality | ||||
| No back pain | 1501 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Non-persistent back pain | 1560 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.21) | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.18) |
| Infrequent persistent back pain | 1602 | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.22) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) |
| Frequent persistent back pain | 2299 | 1.62 (1.37, 1.91) | 1.57 (1.33, 1.85) | 1.34 (1.12, 1.61) |
| Cancer mortality | ||||
| No back pain | 798 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Non-persistent back pain | 839 | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) |
| Infrequent persistent back pain | 865 | 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) | 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.23) |
| Frequent persistent back pain | 1128 | 1.44 (1.14, 1.81) | 1.44 (1.14, 1.82) | 1.33 (1.03, 1.71) |
| Pulmonary mortality | ||||
| No back pain | 462 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Non-persistent back pain | 495 | 1.08 (0.85, 1.39) | 1.10 (0.86, 1.40) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.31) |
| Infrequent persistent back pain | 457 | 0.98 (0.79, 1.22) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.24) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.10) |
| Frequent persistent back pain | 713 | 1.65 (1.23, 2.23) | 1.71 (1.27, 2.30) | 1.32 (0.95, 1.83) |
Ref, reference; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval
*Deaths per 100,000 person years
†Sociodemographic-adjusted model: age, education, marital status, living alone, recruitment site
‡Fully adjusted model, sociodemographic + health-related characteristics: excellent general health, current smoker, obese, prevalent vertebral fracture, arthritis, hip pain, fall history, hospitalizations, hypertension, previous stroke, diabetes, history of breast cancer, previous breast surgery, and anxiety medication use