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(a) Chemical structures of molecules used in this study, caffeine 1, theobromine 2, and theophylline 3; (b) representative photographs of gels (2.0 w/v%) derived from caffeine; (c) 1-propanol gel upon placing on a glass slide shows entangled microfibrillar network; (d) photograph of 2.0 w/v% of caffeine in 1-propanol upon cooling a hot solution shows the fiber network before forming a stable gel; (e,f) SEM micrographs of 1-Octanol xerogel (2.0%).
