Table 1.
Viral Infections Detected by MDA5
| Virus family | Genome | Examples | Role of MDA5 in type I IFN induction | Selected Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Picornaviridae | ssRNA (+) | Encephalomyocarditis virus; Rhinovirus; Coxsackie B virus | Essential | 18, 30, 43, 102, 103 |
| Flaviviridae | ssRNA (+) | West Nile virus; Hepatitis C virus; Zika virus | Partial | 44, 104, 105 |
| Togaviridae | ssRNA (+) | Sindbis virus | Partial | 34, 106, 107 |
| Coronaviridae | ssRNA (+) | SARS coronavirus | Partial | 57, 108, 109 |
| Paramyxoviridae | ssRNA (−) | Measles virus; human Metapneumovirus; Sendai virusa | Partial | 110, 111, 112 |
| Reoviridae | dsRNA | Rotavirus | Partial | 8, 32, 113 |
| Poxviridae | dsDNA | Vaccinia virus | Partial | 34, 114 |
| Herpesviridae | dsDNA | Herpes simplex virus 1 | Partial | [115] |
| Hepadnaviridae | dsDNA | Hepatitis B virusb | Partial | [116] |
a
Some Sendai virus stocks, particularly the Cantell strain, activate mostly RIG-I.
b
Hepatitis D virus, a satellite virus that only infects HBV-infected cells and has a circular, ssRNA(−) genome, is also sensed by MDA5 [117].