Table 2.

Changes in glucose metabolism indices, weight gain and caloric intake of the participants

Results	Probiotic group (n = 28)	Placebo group (n = 29)	Mean difference (95% CI)	P‐value
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)
Pre‐intervention	82.96 ± 6.70	83.68 ± 8.30	−0.72 (−4.74, 3.29)
Post‐intervention	83.92 ± 6.48	88.31 ± 8.74	−4.39 (−8.48, −0.28)
Mean change	0.68 ± 5.88	4.62 ± 7.78	−3.94 (−7.62, −0.27)	0.03
Fasting insulin (mIU/mL)
Pre‐intervention	8.77 ± 4.56	6.76 ± 3.98	2.01 (−0.26, 4.28)
Post‐intervention	9.88 ± 4.15	10.53 ± 5.33	−0.65 (−3.20, 1.89)
Mean change	1.11 ± 1.71	3.77 ± 1.70	−2.67 (−3.57, −1.76)	0.01
HOMA‐IR
Pre‐intervention	1.82 ± 0.99	1.44 ± 0.94	0.38 (−0.14, 0.90)
Post‐intervention	2.07 ± 0.94	2.34 ± 1.30	−0.27 (−0.88, 0.34)
Mean change	0.25 ± 0.37	0.89 ± 0.46	−0.63 (−0.86, −0.41)	0.01
Weight (kg)
Pre‐intervention	63.49 ± 10.75	62.88 ± 9.33	0.61 (−4.72, 5.95)
Post‐intervention	65.18 ± 11.42	64.64 ± 10.11	0.54 (−4.11, 6.08)
Mean change	1.69 ± 0.64	1.76 ± 0.78	−0.06 (−0.51, 0.39)	0.78
Caloric intake (kcal)	2,167.38 ± 253.99	2,175.40 ± 243.84	−8.02 (−140.17, 124.12)	0.90
Carbohydrate (g)	277.42 ± 32.59	275.60 ± 29.83	1.82 (−14.75, 18.40)	0.78
Fat (g)	80.59 ± 14.12	81.57 ± 14.81	−0.98 (−8.66, 6.70)	0.79
Protein (g)	83.32 ± 13.97	84.81 ± 12.90	−1.49 (−8.62, 5.64)	0.83
Dietary fiber (g)	11.50 ± 3.59	12.93 ± 6.83	−1.43 (−4.34, 1.48)	0.20
Distribution of carbohydrate (%)	51.27 ± 3.89	50.80 ± 3.46	0.47 (−1.48, 2.43)	0.27
Distribution of fat (%)	33.39 ± 3.71	33.59 ± 3.28	−0.19 (−2.05, 1.67)	0.54
Distribution of protein (%)	15.35 ± 1.47	15.60 ± 1.65	−0.25 (−1.08, 0.59)	0.33

CI, confidence interval; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.