Examples of inter-frame filtering-based methods. Two-step filtering (nonlinear signal detectionþinter-frame filtering) is performed to isolate adherent microbubble signal. Harmonic imaging [99–102], pulse inversion [103,104], and contrast pulse sequence [105] were used in the nonlinear signal detection step. Slow-time low-pass filtering [99–102], slow-time averaging [103,104], and ‘dwell-time’ filtering [105] were used in the inter-frame filtering step.