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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Comp Neurol. 2018 Oct 18;526(16):2647–2664. doi: 10.1002/cne.24522

Figure 1. Scarcity model of early life trauma.

Figure 1.

Panel a. Schematic of the Scarcity-Adversity Model (SAM) of low resources. Mothers are deprived of bedding for 5 days between PN8 and PN 12. At PN 23, brains of rats were perfused for the light microscopy experiments (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) experiments. Panel b. SAM induces maternal maltreatment characterized by an increase in mothers stepping on, throwing, and dragging pups (see Table 1). Together, these values correspond to within-nest activity, which is significantly increased for the SAM litters (N=4 SAM litters, N=4 CON litters). ‘Within-nest activity’ was measured as pixel change per 5 min, digitized using Ethovision.