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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 30.
Published in final edited form as: Lang Cogn Neurosci. 2018 Jul 30;34(1):43–68. doi: 10.1080/23273798.2018.1500698

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Gender-specific distributions of vowel formants for /i/ appear to diverge from the overall (marginal) distributions (A), whereas for VOT the gender-specific distributions are essentially indistinguishable from the marginal distributions. Intuitively, this makes gender informative for vowel formants, but not for VOT (see also vowels in Perry et al., 2001; vs. VOT in Morris, McCrea, & Herring, 2008). The proposed approach formalises this intuition in a quantitative measure that can be applied to directly compare talker variability across different cues, phonetic contrasts, and socio-indexical grouping variables. Vowel data is drawn from the Nationwide Speech Project, and VOT from the Buckeye corpus (see below for more details).