Table 1.
The characteristics of services discussed in telephonic interviews.
| Name | Country | Active since | Host organization | Tech platform | Payment model |
| Estonian Health Information System | Estonia | 2011 | Government | EMRa | Nonprofit |
| ZorgDomein | Netherlands | 2001 | Business | EMR | Profit |
| Bradford Teaching Hospitals | UK | 2005 | Hospital or clinic | EMR | Nonprofit |
| AristaMD | US | 2014 | Business | EMR | Profit |
| Los Angeles Dept Health Services | US | 2012 | Government | Webb | Nonprofit |
| NYC Health + Hospitals | US | 2015 | Hospital or clinic | EMR | Nonprofit |
| CHC Association of Connecticut | US | 2017 | Nonprofit | EMR | Nonprofit |
| Veteran’s Health Administration | US | 2011 | Government | EMR | Nonprofit |
| Duke Institute for Health Innovation | US | 2016 | Research institute | EMR | Nonprofit |
| RubiconMD | US | 2013 | Business | Web | Profit |
aEMR: electronic medical record.
bWeb: browser-based Web application.