Table 3.
Targeting strategies and applications of bone-targeted drug-delivery systems.
| Carrier | Targeting Strategy | Application | Target | Cancer Type | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) | Passive targeting via neutral charge and size (150 nm) | Paclitaxel delivery in intraosseous model of bone metastasis | Cancer cells | Prostate cancer | Slowed metastasis growth and reduced bone loss | [93] |
| Platinum NPs | Passive targeting via size (15 nm) | Photothermal therapy in intraosseous model of bone metastasis | Cancer cells | Prostate cancer | Prevents tumor growth and inhibits osteolysis | [94] |
| PLGA-b- polyethylene glycol (PEG) NP | Active targeting using Aln binding to bone | Bortezomib delivery in bone | Cancer cells | Myeloma | Slowed tumor growth and improved survival | [95] |
| PLGA NPs | Active targeting using Aln binding to bone | Curcumin and bortezomib delivery in intraosseous model of bone metastasis | Cancer cells | Breast cancer | Decreased tumor growth rate and bone resorption | [96] |
| PLGA–PEG NPs | Active targeting via Zol binding to bone | Doxetaxel delivery in intraosseous model of bone metastasis | Cancer cells | Breast cancer | Increased doxetaxel delivery to bone | [97] |
| Mesoporous silica-covered gadolinium NPs | Active targeting via Zol binding to bone | Theranostic NPs for bone metastasis imaging and plumbagin delivery in intracardiac cancer cell injection model of bone metastasis | Cancer cells | Breast cancer | Inhibited tumor initiation and osteoclast formation | [98] |
| Self-assembled PEG micelles | Active targeting via Aln | Doxorubicin delivery in intraosseous model of bone metastasis | Cancer cells | Lung cancer | Decreased cardiac toxicity and reduced bone loss | [99] |
| Polystyrene NPs | Passive targeting via size (60 nm, 150 nm) and hydrophilicity | Evaluate NP characteristics necessary for bone localization | Not applicable | Healthy animals | Not applicable | [100] |
| PLGA NPs | Active targeting via tetracycline binding to bone | Delivery of simvastatin | Osteoblasts | Healthy animals | Improved bone density | [101] |
| Porous silicon NPs | Active targeting to bone marrow capillaries via E-selectin targeting aptamer | Paclitaxel delivery to bone | Not applicable | Healthy animals | Improved drug delivery to bone-marrow space | [102] |