Table 1.
Studies that have evaluated the interaction between bioactive dietary components 1 and DNMT’s activity 2.
| Studies | Dietary Components | Enzymes Inhibited or Expressed | Epigenetic Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lee, W. J., et al. [98] | EGCG | DNMT1 | EGCG inhibited human DNMT1 activity by binding in the catalytic core region |
| Fang et al. [99] | EGC–EGCG | DNMT | EGC and EGCG showed competitive inhibition of DNMT1 and treatment of the KYSE 510 cell line. EGCG showed a dose and time-dependent reversal of hypermethylation and re-expression of mRNA of p16INK4a, RARβ, MGMT, and hMLH1 genes |
| Nandakumar, V., et al. [101] | EGC–EGCG | DNMTs | EGCG reduced the activity of DNMTs by decreasing the mRNA levels and protein expression of DNMTs. |
| Zhang, B. K., et al. [100] | EGCG | DNMT1 | EGCG inhibited the mRNA and protein expression activity of DNMT1 and downregulated binding to the promoter of DDAH2. |
| Shukla, S., et al. [103] | EGCG | DNMT | EGCG decreased the mRNA and protein expression activity of DNMT1, and increased the expression of unmethylation-specific GSTP1 promoter. |
| Pandey, M., et al. [102] | Green tea polyphenols, EGCG | DNMT1 | A dose and time-dependent inhibition of DNMT activity and protein expression was observed. |
| Day et al. [105] | Genistein | Genistein diet was positively correlated with alterations in prostate DNA methylation at CpG islands of specific mouse genes. | |
| Fang et al. [104] | Genistein | DNMT1 | Genistein showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on recombinant DNMT1 activity, and also decreased DNMT activity in nuclear extracts from KYSE cells. However, no effect on the mRNA expression levels of DNMTs and methyl-CpG binding domain 2 was observed. |
| Lee and Zhu [106] | Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid | DNMT1, M.Sssl DNMT | The caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid inhibited the DNA methylation that was catalyzed by prokaryotic M.Sssl DNMT and human DNMT1, and increased levels of SAH. |
| Liu, Z., et al. [108] | Curcumin | DNMT1, | Curcumin covalently blocks the catalytic thiolate of DNMT1 to exert its inhibitory effect on DNA methylation. |
| Liu, Z., et al. [111] | Parthenolide | DNMT1, M.Sssl DNMT | Dose-dependent parthenolide treatment decreased DNMT1 protein levels and induced a decrease in global DNA methylation. The same study showed that parthenolide inhibited M.SssI by blocking the functional thiolate of the enzyme. |
| Minor, E.A., et al. [117] | Ascorbate (Vitamin C) |
DNMTs, TET2-TET3 |
Ascorbate increased the expression of DNMT1, DNMT3a, and mRNA expression of Tet2 and Tet3. |
| Sheikh, K. D., et al. [114] | Mahanine | DNMT | Mahanine was associated with the inhibition of DNMT activity, and hence, prevented the hypermethylation of a specific gene in the prostate cancer cell line. However, mechanisms are not clarified. |
1 EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate; EGC, epigallocatechin; 2 DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; KYSE 510, oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma; p16INK4a, tumor suppressor protein; RARβ, retinoic acid receptor beta; MGMT, O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; hMLH1, human mutL homolog 1; DDAH2, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase; GSTP1, glutathione S-transferase Pi 1; M.Sssl, CpG methylase; SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine; TET, ten-eleven translocation.