Table 1.

Summary of the protective action of curcumin on post-ischemic brain damage.

Kind of Ischemia	Animal	Treatment Time	Protective Action	References
Focal brain ischemia	Rat	Pre-treatment	Reduction of reperfusion injury by preventing neutrophil adhesion to the brain microcirculation	[108]
Incomplete brain ischemia	Rat	Pre-treatment	Inhibition of mitochondrial ROS generation, lipid peroxidation and neuro-protection by inhibiting apoptosis	[116]
Forebrain ischemia	Rat	Pre-treatment and post-ischemia	Reduction of apoptosis	[111]
Focal brain ischemia	Rat	Post-ischemia	Reduction in volume of infarct and brain edema	[117]
Focal embolic ischemia	Rat	Post-ischemia	Reduction in volume of infarct and improvement of sensory motor activity	[109]
Focal brain ischemia	Mouse	Post-ischemia	Reduced volume of infarct, brain edema, and blood–brain barrier permeability	[118,119]
Focal brain ischemia	Rat	Post-ischemia	Stimulation of neurogenesis and smaller neurobehavioral deficits	[110]
Forebrain ischemia	Gerbil	Post-ischemia	Reduction of neuronal death, glial activation, apoptotic indices and mitigation of changes in locomotor activity	[114]
Focal brain ischemia	Rat	Post-ischemia	Reduction of hemorrhagic transformation, brain edema and improvement of neurological function	[113]
Focal brain ischemia	Mouse	Post-ischemia curcumin-loaded mouse embryonic stem cell exosomes	Reduction of neurological score, infarct volume, edema, inflammation and astrogliosis and restoration of neurovascular system	[112]
Focal brain ischemia	Rat	Post-ischemia	Reduced neurological score, infarct area, apoptosis, caspase-3 mRNA expression and autophagy activity	[120,121]