Table 2.
Flavonoids and their biological activities.
| Name | Rice Part Used for Isolation | Biological Activity and Function | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flavones | |||
| Apigenin 6-C-α-l-arabinosyl-8-C-β-l-arabinoside (33) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Chrysoeriol 7-O-rutinoside (34) | Grains of brown rice | - | [33] |
| Chrysoeriol 6-C-α-l-arabinosyl-8-C-β-l-arabinoside (35) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| 5,7,4′-Trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone (36) | Leaves | Allelopathic activity; antifungal activity | [54,55] |
| Seedlings | Allelopathic activity | [41] | |
| 5,4′-Dihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranosylflavone (37) | Seedlings | - | [41] |
| 7,4′-Dihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxy-5-O-β-glucopyranosylflavone (38) | Seedlings | - | [41] |
| Isoscoparin 2-O-(6-(E)-feruloyl)-glucopyranoside (39) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Isoscoparin 2″-O-(6‴-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside (40) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Isovitexin 2″-O-(6‴-(E)-feruloyl)-glucopyranoside (41) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Isovitexin 2″-O-(6‴-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside (42) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Isoorientin 7,3′-dimethyl ether (43) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| luteolin 6-C-(2″-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-α-l-arabinoside (44) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Schaftoside (45) | Leaves | Antifeedant activity | [35] |
| Isoschaftoside (46) | Leaves | Antifeedant activity | [35] |
| Swertisin (47) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin (48) | Bran | DPPH radical scavenging activity | [56] |
| Tricin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (49) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (50) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 7-O-rutinoside (51) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 7-O-neohesperidoside (52) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 7-O-(2″-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-β-d-glucuronopyranoside (53) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 7-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (54) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 7-O-(6″-(E)-sinapoyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (55) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 4′-O-(threo-β-syringylglyceryl) ether 7″-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (56) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 4′-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether (57) | Bran | DPPH radical scavenging activity | [56] |
| Bran | Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in multiple tumor cells | [38] | |
| Tricin 4′-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether (58) | Bran | DPPH radical scavenging activity | [56] |
| Bran | Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in multiple tumor cells | [38] | |
| Tricin 4′-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (59) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 4′-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (60) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 4′-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether 7″-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (61) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 4′-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether 7″-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (62) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 4′-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether 9″-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (63) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 4′-O-(threo-β-4-hydroxyphenylglyceryl) ether (64) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Tricin 7-O-rutinoside (65) | Grains of brown rice | - | [33] |
| Flavonols | |||
| Brassicin (66) | Grains of transgenic japonica | Radical scavenging activity | [39] |
| Brassicin-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (67) | Grains of transgenic japonica | Radical scavenging activity | [39] |
| Isorhamnetin-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (68) | Grains of transgenic japonica | Radical scavenging activity | [39] |
| Isorhamnetin-7-O-β-d-cellobioside (69) | Grains of transgenic japonica | Radical scavenging activity | [39] |
| Kaempferol (70) | Husk and bran | - | [24] |
| Myricetin (71) | Rice flour | - | [57] |
| Quercetin (72) | Rice flour | - | [57] |
| Quercetin 3-O-glucoside (73) | Rice flour | - | [57] |
| Quercetin 3-O-galactoside = Hyperoside (74) | Rice flour | - | [57] |
| Qucertin 3-O-rutinoside = Rutin (75) | Rice flour | - | [57] |
| Syringetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (76) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Syringetin 3-O-rutinoside (77) | Leaves | - | [53] |
| Flavanones | |||
| Hesperidin (78) | Rice flour | - | [57] |
| Naringenin (79) | Leaves | - | [42] |
| - | Antifungal activity | [43,44] | |
| Rice flour | - | [57] | |
| Rice fungal pathogen | - | [44,45] | |
| Naringenin 7-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (80) | Rice fungal pathogen | - | [45] |
| Sakuranetin (81) | Leaves | Antifungal activity | [43,44] |
| Leaves | Antibacterial and antifungal activities | [58] | |
| Leaves | Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity | [49] | |
| - | Antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities | [50] | |
| - | Antioxidant activity | [42] | |
| - | Anti-inflammatory activity | [47] | |
| - | Anti-mutagenic activity | [48] | |
| - | Induction of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells | [46] | |
| - | Induction of melanogenesis in B16BL6 melanoma cells | [51] | |
| Sakuranetin 4′-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (82) | Rice fungal pathogen | - | [45] |
| Sternbin (83) | Rice fungal pathogen | - | [44] |
| Flavanonols | |||
| 3′-O-Methyltaxifolin (84) | Grains of transgenic japonica | Radical scavenging activity | [39] |
| 3′-O-Methyltaxifolin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (85) | Grains of transgenic japonica | Radical scavenging activity | [39] |
| 3′-O-Methyltaxifolin-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (86) | Grains of transgenic japonica | Radical scavenging activity | [39] |
| 3′-O-Methyltaxifolin-5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (87) | Grains of transgenic japonica | Radical scavenging activity | [39] |
| Flavanols | |||
| Catechin (88) | Rice flour | - | [57] |
| Epicatechin (89) | Rice flour | - | [57] |
| Anthocyanins | |||
| Cyanidin (90) | Bran | - | [59] |
| Black rice kernels | Antioxidant activity | [52] | |
| Cyanidin 3-O-gentiobioside (91) | Bran | - | [60] |
| - | Inhibitory activity on tunicamycin-induced retinal damage | [32] | |
| Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (92) | Bran | - | [60] |
| Inhibitory activity on tunicamycin-induced retinal damage | [32] | ||
| Cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (93) | Kernels | - | [61] |
| Cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside (94) | Black rice kernels | Antioxidant activity | [52] |
| Cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (95) | Kernels | - | [61] |
| Delphinidin (96) | Bran | - | [59] |
| Malvidin (97) | Bran | - | [59] |
| Pelargonidin (98) | Bran | - | [59] |
| Pelargonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (99) | Pigmented rice | Antioxidant activity | [2] |
| Peonidin (100) | Black rice kernels | Antioxidant activity | [52] |
| Peonidin 3-O-glucoside (101) | Bran | - | [60] |
| - | Inhibitory activity on tunicamycin-induced retinal damage | [32] | |
| Black rice kernels | Antioxidant activity | [52] |