AP1	Activator protein 1
ATP	Adenosine monophosphate
BUT	Butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase
cAMP	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CD14	Cluster of differentiation 14
CREB	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element-binding protein
DPP-IV	Dipeptidyl peptidase IV
Epac1 and Epac2	Exchange protein directly activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate 1 and 2
ES	Embryonic stem cells
EX 4	Exendin 4
GI tract	Gastrointestinal tract
GIP	Gastric inhibitory peptide
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide-1
GPCR	G-protein coupled receptors
GPR41 and GPR43	G-protein receptors 41 and 43
IEC	Intestinal epithelial cell
IFN-γ	Interferon gamma
IL	Interleukin
IRAKs	Interleukin 1receptor associated kinases
IRF	Interferon regulatory factors
LBP	Lipopolysaccharide binding protein
LFHc	Low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diet
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MAL	Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88-adaptor-like protein
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinases
MLDS	multiple low-dose streptozotocin
MYD88	Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
PCNA	Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
PDX-1	Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1
PKA	Protein kinase A
PYY	Peptide YY
SCFA	Short chain fatty acid
SUR1	Sulfonylurea receptor 1
TGFβ	Tumour growth factor beta
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF	Tumour necrosis factor
TRAF	Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factors
Tregs	Regulatory T cells