Table 1.

Circadian dysfunctions in mammalian Parkinson’s disease (PD) models.

Mammalian Models	Intervention	Animal Model	Circadian Phenotype
ASO	Overexpression of wt α-syn in all brain regions	Mouse	Fragmented circadian rhythms and a reduced firing rate of SCN neurons during the day [31]
MitoPark	Deletion for mitochondrial transcription factor A in dopaminergic neurons	Mouse	Age-dependent rhythm decline and disturbed circadian activity rhythms under constant high light conditions [32]
MPTP-injection	Intraperitoneally and subcutaneously [33] Intraperitoneally [34]	Mouse	No significant changes in circadian parameters [33,34]
	Not specified [35]	Mouse	Reduced amplitude in locomotor rhythm; altered clock gene expression in the SCN [35]
	Intravenously [36]	Dog	Circadian urine volume and vasopressin release alteration [36]
	Intramuscular [37]	Non-human Primates	Loss of circadian locomotor activity in the absence of light/dark cues [37]
6-OHDA-injection	Bilateral in the striatum [38]	Rat	Altered clock gene expression in the striatum [38]
	Intracerebroventricular and unilateral infusion in medial forebrain bundle [39]	Rat	Disorganized wheel-running pattern in constant darkness and blunted PER2 expression rise in the dorsal striatum [39]
	Bilateral in the ventral tegmental area [40]	Rat	Reduced locomotor activity period in LD and longer activity rhythm periodicity under constant dim light [40]
	Bilateral in the striatum [41]	Rat	Decreased amplitude of the heart rate rhythm [41]
	Bilateral in the striatum [42]	Rat	Altered clock gene expression profile in SNC and in the striatum [42]