Figure 4.

CDCA reduced progeny influenza A virus (IAV) yield in A549 and MDCK cell cultures. A549 or MDCK cells grown in 24-well plates were infected with influenza virus H5N1 (0.1 MOI) for 1 h, or H9N2 (0.5 MOI) or PR8 (H1N1) (0.5 MOI) for 2 h, respectively, and then cultured in fresh medium containing various concentrations of CDCA. At indicated timepoints postinfection, cells and supernatants were collected and subjected to viral titer determination using the end point dilution assay. Virus titer was expressed as log₁₀ TCID₅₀/0.1 mL. (A–C) CDCA inhibited replication of H5N1, H9N2, and H1N1 viruses in A549 cell cultures, respectively. (D–F) CDCA inhibited replication of H5N1, H9N2, and H1N1 viruses in MDCK cell cultures, respectively. Data are presented as mean ± SD of results from three independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 compared to the respective virus control (represented with DMSO). (G,H) CDCA reduced IAV progeny yield in a dose-dependent manner at 48 hpi. The percent inhibition of virus replication was calculated as a ratio of reduced virus titer from a CDCA-treated sample (compared with the DMSO control) to virus titer from the DMSO control.