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The barriers of functional nanoparticles for penetrated delivery into the tumor. (a) The path to the cancer cells. (b) Heterogeneity of the tumor decreases the penetration of drug/nanoparticles unevenly. (c) The dense extracellular matrix hinders nanoparticle distribution. (d) Low blood perfusion causes the nanomedicine supply to be insufficient. Reprinted from Reference [3] with permission from Springer Nature, 2013.
