Table 1.
Integrations of functional nanoparticles with size changeability, ligand functionalization, modulation of tumor microenvironment, and combinational strategies for penetrated delivery for tumor treatments. MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; RGD: arginine–glycine–aspartic acid; ECM: extracellular matrix; CRGDK: Cys–Arg–Gly–Asp–Lys; PFOB: perfluorooctyl bromide.
| Strategy | Nanoparticles | Penetrative Tactics/Targets | Therapeutic Remarks | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Size Changeability | Spiropyran nanoparticle | UV light | Docetaxel delivery for HT-1080 tumors | [12,13] |
| Micelle-loaded nanocapsule | Near-infrared | Docetaxel delivery for RG2 tumors | [14] | |
| CO2 generating nanoparticle | Ultrasound | Docetaxel delivery for SCC7 tumors | [15] | |
| NO generating liposome | Ultrasound | Doxorubicin delivery for MCF-7/MIAPaCa-2 | [16] | |
| Magnetic nanocapsule | Magnetic field | Camptothecin delivery for MT2 tumors | [17,18] | |
| Gelatin nanoparticle | MMP-2, MMP-9 | Doxorubicin delivery for 4T1 and B16F10 | [19,20] | |
| MMP-cleavable nanoparticle | MMP | Paclitaxel and siRNA for 4T1 tumors | [21] | |
| DNase-degradable nanoclew | pH value | Doxorubicin delivery for MCF-7 cells | [22] | |
| Dendrimeric nanobomb | pH value | Cisplatin delivery for BxPC-3 tumors | [23,25] | |
| Hypoxia-responsive lipid | oxygen concentration | Gemcitabine delivery for BxPC-3 tumors | [26] | |
| Redox-sensitive lanthanide | Reductive condition | Peptides delivery for HCT116 tumors | [27] | |
| Ligand Functionalization | Albumin nanoparticle | Albumin-binding protein | Paclitaxel delivery for U87 tumors | [28] |
| IF7 nanoparticle | Specific biomarker Anxa1 | Paclitaxel delivery for MCF-7/ADR tumors | [6,29] | |
| SN38 delivery for HCT116 tumors | ||||
| RGD polymer/ interleukin-13 | αvβ3/αvβ5 integrin | Oxaliplatin delivery for U87 tumos | [31,32] | |
| iRGD lipoprotein nanoparticle | αv integrin & neuropilin-1 | Paclitaxel/Indocyanine green delivery for A549 | [33] | |
| Tf nanoparticle | Tf receptor | Paclitaxel delivery for C6 tumors | [34] | |
| Lf/tLyP-1 nanoparticle | Lf receptor & neuropilin-1 | Paclitaxel delivery for C6 tumors | [35] | |
| Monocyte nanoparticle | Chemokines | Doxorubicin delivery for Tramp-C1 tumors | [36] | |
| Modulation of tumor | HAase nanoparticls | Hyaluronan in ECM | Chlorine e6 delivery for 4T1 tumors | [37,38] |
| Doxorubicin delivery for 4T1 tumors | ||||
| PH20-modified exosomes | Hyaluronan in ECM | Doxorubicin delivery for PC-3 tumors | [39] | |
| Losartan nanoparticle | Collagen in ECM | Paclitaxel delivery for 4T1 tumors | [40,41] | |
| Bromelain nanoparticle | Collagen in ECM | Silica delivery for MDA-MB-231 tumors | [42] | |
| Photothermal nanoparticle | Damaged ECM | Photothermal DiR for 4T1 tumors | [43] | |
| Magne-thermal nanoparticle | Damaged ECM | Perfluorohexane/Paclitaxel delivery for RG2 | [44] | |
| Pulse-HIFU nanoparticle | Loosened ECM | Chitosan delivery for SCC7 tumors | [45] | |
| Combretastatin-A4 NP | Vascular disruption agent | Combretastatin-A4 for C26 tumors | [46] | |
| Droplet vaporization NP | Damaged vascular | Doxorubicin delivery for Tramp-C1 tumors | [47,48] | |
| Focused ultrasound Gd-DTPA | Loosened vascular | Doxorubicin delivery for blood brain barrier | [49] | |
| Radiation responsive NP | Damaged vascular | AF647 delivery for Panc-1 tumors | [50] | |
| Size + Ligand Functionalization | ODNs nanoparticle | pH value + Tumor-homing | Doxorubicin delivery for A549 tumors | [51] |
| Gelatin + RGD nanoparticle | MMP-2 + αvβ3 integrin | Doxorubicin delivery for 4T1 tumors | [52] | |
| GQD-loaded nanoparticle | Near-infrared + pH value | Doxorubicin delivery for RG2 tumors | [53] | |
| TCM-LegM nanoparticle | pH value + Legumain | Cabazitaxel delivery for 4T1 tumors | [54] | |
| Ligand Functiona-lization + Modula-tion of tumor | Lf + Photothermal NP | LfR + Damaged ECM | Perfluorohexane/Docetaxel delivery for RG2 | [55] |
| iRGD + Tirapazamine | αv integrin + Hypoxia | Indocyanine green/Tirapazamine for 4T1 tumors | [56] | |
| CRGDK + PFOB | neuropilin-1 + Hypoxia | PFOB delivery for MDA-MB-231 tumors | [57] | |
| Size + Modulation of tumor | Swelling–shrinking NP | pH value + Lyso bursting | Doxorubicin delivery for HepG2 tumors | [58] |
| Magnetic + Droplet vapor | Magnetic field + Vascular | Perfluorohexane delivery for MDA-MB-231 | [59] | |
| HSA-MnO2 nanoparticles | pH value + Hypoxia | Doxorubicin/Indocyanine green for 4T1 tumors | [60] | |
| Hyaluronan/NO/ICG NP | HAase + Near-infrared | Chlorine e6 delivery for 4T1 tumors | [61] |