Table 5.
Heart valves. Decellularization techniques, biomechanical tests, recellularization methods, and in vivo implants of human heart valve extracellular matrix.
| Tissues | Decellularization Methods | Biomechanical Tests | In Vitro Recellularization | In Vivo Implants | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aortic and pulmonary valves/conduits | SynerGraft treatment: dH2O + DNase and RNase |
Uniaxial tensile test | - | Patients with heart valve disfunctions | Elkins et al., 2001 [57] Zehr et al., 2005 [59] Brown et al., 2008 [62] Brown et al., 2011 [64] Bibevski et al., 2017 [68] |
| Aortic and pulmonary valves | 0.5% Trypsin and 0.2% EDTA | - | Dynamic seeding of human endothelial cells from saphenous vein | - | Cebotari et al., 2002 [168] Cebotari et al., 2006 [65] |
| Pulmonary valve conduits | 0.05% Triton 100-X, 0.05% sodium deoxycholate and 0.05% octylphenyl-polyethylene glycol + 150 IU/DNase and 100 µg/ml RNase | - | - | - | Rieder et al., 2005 [166] |
| 1% deoxycholic acid + 70/80% ethanol | - | - | Patients with heart valve disfunctions | da Costa et al., 2005 [58] Costa et al., 2007 [61] |
|
| 0.1% SDS | . | . | Patients with heart valve disfunctions | Costa et al., 2007 [61] da Costa et al., 2010 [63] Kneib et al., 2012 [66] |
|
| Pulmonary valves | Hypo/hypertonic solutions 0.1–1% Triton X-100 + 10 mM Sodium cholate + Benzonase® |
- | Seeding of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | - | Iop et al., 2009 [167] |
| 0.5% sodium deoxycholate and 0.5% SDS + 0.9% NaCl | - | - | Patients with heart valve disfunctions | Cebotari et al., 2011 [65] Sarikouch et al., 2016 [67] Ozawa et al., 2018 [69] |
|
| Aortic valves | 0.5% Trypsin + 20 mg/mL RNase | - | Seeding of cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells from human auricle fragments | - | Dainese et al., 2012 [162] |
| Aortic and pulmonary valves | SynerGraft treatment: dH2O + DNase and RNase |
- | - | - | Gerson et al., 2012 [169] |
| Hypo/hypertonic solutions + 0.05% Triton 100-X + Benzonase® | Torsional wave experiments | - | - | Jiao et al., 2012 [170] | |
| 1% SDS and 0.05% NaN3 | Tensile strength measurement | Dynamic perfusion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells on the luminal surface | - | Weymann et al., 2013 [171] | |
| Biohybrid aortic valves | 0.5% sodium deoxycholate and 0.5% SDS | - | Dynamic seeding of fibroblasts and endothelial cells from human saphenous vein | - | Koening et al., 2016 [163] |
| Aortic valves Aortic valves |
Hypertonic salt solution + 0.05% Triton X-100 + Benzonase® | Biaxial mechanical testing | - | - | VeDepo et al., 2017 [164] |
| Hypo/hypertonic solutions 0.1–1% Triton X-100 + 10 mM Sodium cholate + Benzonase® |
Seeding of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | Iop et al., 2017 [165] | |||
| Aortic and pulmonary valves | 10 mM Tris, 0.1% EDTA, 10 KIU/L aprotinin + 0.1% SDS + Nuclease treatment | Uniaxial tensile test | - | Mouse: subcutis | Vafaee et al., 2018 [172] |
| Mitral valves | 0.5–1% SDS | - | Seeding of post-infarct murine bone marrow c-kit+ cells | Murine models of myocardial infarction: repopulated scaffolds on the infarcted epicardium/myocardium | Wan et al., 2017 [178] |
dH2O, deionized water; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate; DNase, deoxyribonuclease; RNase, ribonuclease; + means that separate cycles were performed; ‘and’ means that a mixture was performed between different substances.