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. 2018 Dec 13;23(12):3310. doi: 10.3390/molecules23123310

Table 1.

Examples of preclinical immunization with self-replicating RNA viruses targeting viral diseases.

Indication Target/Antigen Vector Response Ref.
Dengue DV2 MV Neutralizing Abs [37]
DV1-4 MV Protection [38]
Ebola GP KUN VLPs Protection [39]
GP VSV Protection [40,41]
GP, NP VEE VLPs Protection [42,43]
HBV HBsAg MV Humoral Abs [45]
MHB SFV-VLVs Protection [46]
HIV Env SFV VLPs Humoral response [47]
Env SFV RNA Antibody response [48]
Env/Gag/Pol SFVVLPs/RNA Ag-specific immune response [49]
Env/GagPolNef SFV DNA T cell and IgG responses [50]
Influenza NP SFV VLPs Mucosal immune response [51]
HA VEE VLPs Protection [52]
HA, NP SFV VLPs Protection [53]
HA VEE RNA Protection [54]
Lassa Glycoprotein VSV VLPs Protection [55]
GPC VEE VLPs Protection [56]
Lassa Lassa VLPs Protection [57]
MERS-CoV MERS-S MV Protection [58]
SARS-CoV SARS-CoV GP VEE VLPs Protection [59]
MPV MPV-F VEE VLPs Reduced viral load [60]
RSV RSFV-F SFV-VLPs Protection [53]
RSV-F VEE VLPs Reduced viral load [60]
RSV-F VEE LNPs Protection [61]
SIV Gag-pol KUN VLPs Protection [62]
SIVmacJ5 SFV VLPs Cytotoxic T cell response [63]
TBEV GP SFV VLPs Protection [53]
VEE VEE replicon VEE miRNA VEE inhibition [64]
VEE RdRp VEE miRNA VEE inhibition [65]

Ag, antigen; DV, Dengue virus envelope protein; GCP, glycoprotein; GP, glycoprotein; HA, hemagglutinin; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; KUN, Kunjin virus; LNPs, lipid nanoparticles; MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; MERS-S, Middle East respiratory syndrome spike protein; MHB, HBV middle surface envelope glycoprotein; miRNA, micro RNA; MV, measles virus; NP, nucleoprotein; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus; SFV, Semliki Forest virus; SIV. Simian immunodeficiency virus; TBEV, Tick-borne encephalitis virus; VEE, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; VLPs, virus-like particles; VLVs, virus-like vesicles; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus.