Table 3.
Examples of clinical trials applying self-replicating RNA viruses.
| Disease | Vector/Antigen | Phase | Response | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMV | VEE-gB/pp65 | Phase I | CMV-spec Abs | [102] |
| HIV | VEE-Gag | Phase I | Low level Ab responses | [103] |
| Ebola | VSV-ZEBOV | Phase I | Safe, Ab responses | [108] |
| VSVΔG-ZEBOV | Phase I | Safe, sustainable Ab titers | [109] | |
| VSV-ZEBOV | Phase I | Safe, cellular immune responses | [110] | |
| VSV-ZEBOV | Phase I/II | Reduced dose, better tolerability | [111] | |
| VSVΔG-ZEBOV | Phase III | Ab responses | [112] | |
| VSV-ZEBOV | Phase III | Safe, efficient EBV prevention | [113] | |
| VSV-ZEBOV | Phase III | Safe, substantial EBV protection | [114] | |
| VSV-ZEBOV | Phase II/III | Safe, no EBV cases, no SAEs | [115] | |
| VSVΔG-ZEBOV | Phase III | No EBV related SAEs | [116] | |
| Pancreatic CA | VEE-CEA | Phase I | CEA-spec Abs; prolonged survival | [104] |
| CRPC | VEE-PSMA | Phase I | Neutralizing Abs | [105] |
| CTCL | MV-EZ | Phase I | Regression of CTCL lesions | [117] |
| Melanoma | LipoVIL12 | Phase I | Safe tumor targeting | [106] |
| Kidney CA | LipoVIL12 | Phase I | Safe tumor targeting | [106] |
| Ovarian CA | MV-CEA | Phase I | Stable disease | [118] |
| Glioblastoma | MV-CEA | Phase I | No dose-limiting toxicity | [119] |
| Myeloma | MV-NIS | Phase I | Complete response in one patient | [120] |
Abs, antibodies; CA, cancer; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CRPC, castration resistant metastatic prostate cancer; CTCL, cutaneous T cell lymphoma; EBV, Ebola virus disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LipoVIL12, liposome encapsulated SFV-IL21 particles; MV, measles virus; MV-EZ, measles virus Edmonston Zagreb; NIS, sodium iodide symporter; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; SEAs, serious adverse events; SFV, Semliki Forest virus; VEE, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus; ZEBOV, glycoprotein of Zaire Ebola virus.