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The expression of the defense-related genes was evaluated by RT-qPCR. The relative expression of the defense-related genes, including ICS1, EDS1, SOD, CAT1, PAL4, PR1, and NPR1, was highly up-regulated by the A13 + TMV treatment on day 3. Bars indicate the mean of three replicates with the standard deviations. Different letters on the bars indicate statistically significant differences in average values by one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05).
