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. 2018 Dec 17;19(12):4084. doi: 10.3390/ijms19124084

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Galangin reduces thrombin-induced proMMP-9 expression via inhibiting nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1). The cells were pretreated with galangin (3 μM) for 1 h and then challenged with thrombin (10 U/mL) for the indicated time intervals. The levels of (A) p65 and (B) FoxO1 phosphorylation and their respective protein levels were determined by western blot. (C, D) The cells were pretreated with/without galangin (3 μM) for 1 h and then incubated with thrombin (10 U/mL) for the indicated time intervals, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was performed by using the antibodies-p65 (C) and c-Jun (D), respectively. The data are expressed as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. * p < 0.05; # p < 0.01, as compared with the cells exposed to thrombin alone.