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. 2018 Dec 3;19(12):3843. doi: 10.3390/ijms19123843

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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M1 polarization by EVs derived from LPS-preconditioned PDLSCs. (A) Entry of EVs into the THP-1 cells. EVs labeled with fluorescence dye were applied to THP-1 cells and their cellular entry was tracked by a fluorescence microscope. PDLSC EVs: EVs from PDLSCs. LPS-PDLSC EVs: EVs from LPS-preconditioned PDLSCs. Scale bar = 10 μm. (B,C) the M1 polarization of THP-1 cells by EVs from LPS-preconditioned PDLSCs. THP-1 cells were treated with EVs from PDLSCs and LPS-preconditioned PDLSCs, then the mRNA expression of IL-6 (B) and TNF-α (C) were analyzed by RT-qPCR. (D,E) M1 polarising effect of EVs from LPS-preconditioned PDLSCs after endotoxin removal. mRNA expression of IL-6 (D) and TNF-α (E) in THP-1 cells treated with the endotoxin-removed EVs, from PDLSCs and LPS-preconditioned PDLSCs were analyzed by RT-qPCR. (F) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for TNF-α in the conditioned media from THP-1 cells treated with EVs from PDLSCs or LPS-preconditioned PDLSCs. Data shown as the mean ± SD, n = 3, ** p < 0.01.