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. 2018 Dec 4;19(12):3867. doi: 10.3390/ijms19123867

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Frameshifting regulation activity comparison of upstream internal SD-mediated duplexes in −1 and +1 frameshifting model systems of E. coli. (A) The −1 frameshifting attenuation activity of internal SD-mediated duplex on A6G −1 frameshifting site with a downstream pseudoknot. The blue arrow indicates stimulation of −1 FS by downstream structure, whereas T-bar indicates the attenuation of −1 FS by E-site juxtaposing internal SD. (B) The +1 frameshifting stimulation activity of internal SD-mediated duplex on CUUUGA +1 frameshifting site in the absence of RF2. The rose red arrow indicates stimulation of +1 FS by E-site juxtaposing internal SD.