Table 2.

Classification of current anticancer immunotherapies [5].

Classification	Overview
Tumor-targeting immunotherapy	Naked monoclonal antibodies	Bind and alter the signaling pathways required by malignant cells’ survival or progression.
		Activate lethal receptors expressed on the surface of cancer cells.
		Opsonizing antibodies that bind to specific tumor-associated antigens.
	Conjugated monoclonal antibodies	Tumor antigen-associated antibodies coupled with toxins or radionuclides.
		Bi-specific T-cell engagers that enhance immune response.
Oncolytic viruses	Non-pathogenic viral strains that infect and directly or indirectly lead to cancer cells’ death.
Anticancer vaccines	Peptide- and DNA-based vaccines to enhance the ability of resident antigen-presenting cells to present tumor-associated antigens, which activates the host immune system against tumor cells.
	Isolation, ex vivo amplification/differentiation/activation and administration of dendritic cells which engages the host immune system against tumor cells.
	Administration of immunomodulatory cytokines, generally as adjuvants for other anticancer treatments.
	Administration of immunomodulatory antibodies such as checkpoint blockers or those that interact with soluble or cellular components of the immune system and activate the immune response.
	Administration of inhibitors of immunosuppressive metabolism which alters cancer cells’ microenvironment with antineoplastic effects.
	Pattern recognition receptors-agonists which activates signal transduction cascades with pro-inflammatory effects that include the activation and secretion of immunostimulatory cytokines, dendritic cells maturation and macrophages/natural-killer cells activation.
	Immunogenic cell death inducers, such as some conventional chemotherapeutics, that stimulate the release of damage-associated molecular patterns by cancer cells, which enhances the activation and maturation of antigen-presenting cells.
Adoptive cell immunotherapy	Collection, ex vivo selection/modification/expansion/activation and administration of circulating or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
	Administration of genetically modified T-cells with enhanced proliferative potential and persistence, unique antigen specificity or improved secretory profile, tumor-infiltrating capacity or cytotoxicity.