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. 2018 Oct 3;10(4):175. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040175

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Photographs of mouse skin in group C (A); for the application of penetrating β-arbutin alone (group A) (B); for the laser irradiating the skin directly with the application of penetrating β-arbutin (group L + A) (C); for the laser irradiating the skin covered by saline and with the application of penetrating β-arbutin (group L + S + A) (D); and for the laser irradiating the skin combined with MBs on the skin and with the application of penetrating β-arbutin (group L + MBs + A) (E) over a 20-day treatment period; (F) Quantification of the skin-whitening effects of β-arbutin on ultraviolet-radiation-induced hyperpigmentation for the groups in panels (A–E). Data are mean and SD values.