Table 4.
Generalized linear mixed-model for gender, and management factors on insulin traits
| Fixed effects | Ins0 µIU/mL | InsMAXa µIU/mL | Ins63 µIU/mL | InsAUCb µIU/ml/63 min | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ß | SE | P | ß | SE | P | ß | SE | P | ß | SE | P | |
| Intercept | 0.34 | 0.03 | < 0.001 | 105.85 | 12.57 | < 0.001 | 1.31 | 0.07 | < 0.001 | 3313.4 | 353.6 | < 0.001 |
| Gender | ns | < 0.001 | 0.03 | 0.002 | ||||||||
| Bull | – | – | – | − 1.05 | 17.23 | 0.95 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.36 | 225.4 | 487.7 | 0.64 |
| Steer | – | – | – | 30.01 | 17.23 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.68 | 731.3 | 487.7 | 0.13 |
| Heifer | – | – | – | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Noise (N) | ns | < 0.001 | ns | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| I | – | – | – | 47.13 | 20.80 | 0.02 | – | – | – | 851.5 | 622.9 | 0.17 |
| II | – | – | – | 81.71 | 18.30 | < 0.001 | – | – | – | 2126.6 | 441.5 | < 0.001 |
| Undisturbed | – | – | – | ref | ref | ref | – | – | – | ref | ref | ref |
| Food stimuli (FS) | ns | < 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.001 | ||||||||
| Food-stimulated | – | – | – | 50.49 | 11.43 | < 0.001 | − 0.25 | 0.06 | < 0.001 | 993.9 | 281.1 | 0.001 |
| Undisturbed | – | – | – | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Gender*N | ns | 0.001 | ns | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| [Bull]*[N I] | – | – | – | − 53.87 | 29.10 | 0.06 | – | – | – | − 1290.1 | 839.1 | 0.12 |
| [Bull]*[N II] | – | – | – | − 67.29 | 24.57 | 0.007 | – | – | – | − 2047.3 | 591.3 | 0.001 |
| [Bull]*[Undisturbed] | – | – | – | ref | ref | ref | – | – | – | ref | ref | ref |
| [Steer]*[N I] | – | – | – | − 9.63 | 29.10 | 0.74 | – | – | – | − 7.16 | 839,1 | 0.99 |
| [Steer]*[N II] | – | – | – | 34.36 | 24.57 | 0.16 | – | – | – | 594.4 | 591.3 | 0.31 |
| [Steer]*[Undisturbed] | – | – | – | ref | ref | ref | – | – | – | ref | ref | ref |
| Gender*FS | ns | ns | < 0.001 | ns | ||||||||
| [Bull]*[Food-restricted] | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.35 | 0.08 | < 0.001 | – | – | – |
| [Bull]*[Undisturbed] | – | – | – | – | – | – | ref | ref | ref | – | – | – |
| [Steer]*[Food-restricted] | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.02 | – | – | – |
| [Steer]*[Undisturbed] | – | – | – | – | – | – | ref | ref | ref | – | – | – |
Values from Ins0 and Ins63 derived from base-10 logarithmic transformations
ref reference values, ß coefficient, Ins0 basal insulin concentration prior to glucose injection, InsMAX maximum increase in blood insulin concentration, Ins63 insulin concentrations at 63 min, InsAUC insulin area under the curve, N noise, FS food stimuli, ns no statistically significant difference, – not shown because values were not statistically significant, ref referent category
aInsMax was estimated based on n = 107
bInsAUC was estimated based on n = 106