Figure 1.

Direct, indirect (mediated by duration of gestation), and total effects of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) on birth weight (A), birth length (B), and head circumference (C), based on the counterfactual framework approach, among girls (n = 364) participating in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and Their Environment, Limpopo Province, South Africa, 2012–2013. Models adjusted for maternal age, education, marital status, smoking, alcohol use during pregnancy, postdelivery body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)²), human immunodeficiency virus status, household income per capita, assets, child’s sex, parity, delivery method, and season of birth.