Table 2.
Hazard Ratios for Early Menopause According to Category of Baseline (1991) Intake of Total, High-Fat, and Low-Fat Dairy Food and Individual Dairy Foods, Nurses’ Health Study II, 1991–2011
| Dairy Food and Intake Measure | No. of Cases | No. of Person-Years | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |||
| Total dairy food, no. of servings | ||||||||
| ≤4/week | 214 | 90,448 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| 5–6/week | 160 | 76,591 | 0.92 | 0.75, 1.13 | 0.94 | 0.77, 1.16 | 0.94 | 0.76, 1.15 |
| 1/day | 673 | 372,648 | 0.81 | 0.69, 0.94 | 0.84 | 0.72, 0.98 | 0.83 | 0.71, 0.98 |
| 2–3/day | 736 | 441,958 | 0.75 | 0.65, 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.70, 0.95 | 0.80 | 0.68, 0.93 |
| ≥4/day | 266 | 166,795 | 0.74 | 0.62, 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.66, 0.95 | 0.77 | 0.64, 0.93 |
| Per 1-serving/day increment | 0.96 | 0.94, 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.95, 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.94, 1.00 | ||
| P for trend | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.08 | |||||
| High-fat dairy food, no. of servings | ||||||||
| <3/month | 297 | 156,272 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| 1/week | 451 | 244,039 | 1.00 | 0.86, 1.15 | 1.03 | 0.89, 1.19 | 1.03 | 0.89, 1.19 |
| 2–4/week | 441 | 262,545 | 0.92 | 0.79, 1.07 | 0.96 | 0.83, 1.12 | 0.96 | 0.83, 1.12 |
| 5–6/week | 212 | 125,631 | 0.93 | 0.78, 1.11 | 0.98 | 0.82, 1.17 | 0.98 | 0.82, 1.17 |
| 1/day | 413 | 236,695 | 0.96 | 0.83, 1.11 | 1.00 | 0.86, 1.17 | 1.00 | 0.86, 1.17 |
| ≥2/day | 235 | 123,257 | 1.03 | 0.87, 1.23 | 1.03 | 0.87, 1.22 | 1.03 | 0.87, 1.23 |
| Per 1-serving/day increment | 1.01 | 0.97, 1.06 | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.04 | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.05 | ||
| P for trend | 0.51 | 0.85 | 0.83 | |||||
| Low-fat dairy food, no. of servings | ||||||||
| <3/month | 158 | 70,531 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| 1/week | 242 | 115,308 | 0.97 | 0.79, 1.19 | 1.01 | 0.83, 1.24 | 1.01 | 0.83, 1.24 |
| 2–4/week | 316 | 158,512 | 0.92 | 0.76, 1.12 | 0.99 | 0.81, 1.20 | 0.98 | 0.81, 1.19 |
| 5–6/week | 167 | 95,026 | 0.81 | 0.65, 1.01 | 0.87 | 0.70, 1.09 | 0.86 | 0.69, 1.08 |
| 1/day | 618 | 361,459 | 0.80 | 0.67, 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.74, 1.05 | 0.86 | 0.72, 1.03 |
| ≥2/day | 548 | 347,603 | 0.76 | 0.64, 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.72, 1.04 | 0.83 | 0.68, 1.01 |
| Per 1-serving/day increment | 0.93 | 0.90, 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.93, 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.91, 0.99 | ||
| P for trend | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | |||||
| Individual low-fat dairy foods, per 1-serving/day increment | ||||||||
| Skim milk | 0.92 | 0.88, 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.91, 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.89, 0.99 | ||
| P for trend | <0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | |||||
| Yogurt | 0.86 | 0.71, 1.04 | 0.88 | 0.73, 1.07 | 0.88 | 0.72, 1.07 | ||
| P for trend | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.19 | |||||
| Frozen yogurt/sherbet | 0.91 | 0.74, 1.11 | 0.95 | 0.78, 1.15 | 0.95 | 0.78, 1.16 | ||
| P for trend | 0.35 | 0.61 | 0.61 | |||||
| Cottage/ricotta cheese | 1.01 | 0.76, 1.36 | 1.08 | 0.81, 1.43 | 1.08 | 0.81, 1.43 | ||
| P for trend | 0.92 | 0.62 | 0.61 | |||||
| Low-fat other cheese | 1.00 | 0.84, 1.20 | 1.03 | 0.86, 1.22 | 1.03 | 0.86, 1.23 | ||
| P for trend | 0.97 | 0.79 | 0.78 | |||||
| Individual high-fat dairy foods, per 1-serving/day increment | ||||||||
| Whole milk | 1.09 | 0.96, 1.23 | 1.05 | 0.92, 1.19 | 1.05 | 0.92, 1.19 | ||
| P for trend | 0.19 | 0.46 | 0.46 | |||||
| Cream | 1.04 | 0.97, 1.11 | 1.00 | 0.94, 1.07 | 1.00 | 0.94, 1.07 | ||
| P for trend | 0.26 | 0.97 | 0.96 | |||||
| Ice cream | 0.81 | 0.62, 1.04 | 0.91 | 0.72, 1.17 | 0.92 | 0.72, 1.17 | ||
| P for trend | 0.09 | 0.47 | 0.47 | |||||
| Cream cheese | 0.83 | 0.59, 1.18 | 0.88 | 0.63, 1.24 | 0.88 | 0.63, 1.24 | ||
| P for trend | 0.31 | 0.47 | 0.48 | |||||
| High-fat other cheese | 1.00 | 0.90, 1.11 | 1.04 | 0.94, 1.16 | 1.04 | 0.94, 1.16 | ||
| P for trend | 0.99 | 0.46 | 0.44 | |||||
| Butter | 1.01 | 0.91, 1.11 | 0.99 | 0.89, 1.09 | 0.99 | 0.89, 1.09 | ||
| P for trend | 0.92 | 0.78 | 0.78 | |||||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
a Model 1 adjusted for age (months; continuous).
b Model 2 adjusted for age (months; continuous), pack-years of smoking (0–10, 11–20, or ≥21), body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2; <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, or ≥30), age at menarche (years; continuous), parity (nulliparous, 1–2 children, or ≥3 children), duration of breastfeeding (months; continuous), percentage of total kilocalories derived from vegetable protein (quintiles 1–3 or 4 + 5), alcohol intake (<10 g/day or ≥10 g/day), and current multivitamin use (yes or no).
c Model 3 adjusted for model 2 covariates plus total vitamin D intake (IU/day; continuous) and total calcium intake (mg/day; continuous).